Casuarina Improvement for Securing Rural Livelihoods Proceedings of the Fifth International Casuarina Workshop Chennai, India, 03 – 07 February 2014 Editors A. Nicodemus K. Pinyopusarerk C. L. Zhong C. Franche Casuarina Improvement for Securing Rural Livelihoods Proceedings of the Fifth International Casuarina Workshop Chennai, India, 03 – 07 February 2014 IUFRO Working Party 2.08.02 Improvement and Culture of Nitrogen-fixing Trees Editors A. Nicodemus K. Pinyopusarerk C. L. Zhong C. Franche Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding Coimbatore, India International Organizing Committee N. Krishna Kumar, Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, India K. Pinyopusarerk, CSIRO Australian Tree Seed Centre, Australia A. Kalinganire, World Agroforestry Centre, ICRAF-WCA/Sahel, Mali C. Franche, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, France C.L. Zhong, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, China A. Nicodemus, Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, India Front cover: Photo credit: A. Nicodemus Back cover: Photo credit: A. Nicodemus, P. Vipin and A. Pauldasan ISBN 978-93-82387-12-1 © Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education, 2016. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, by photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission in writing from the publisher. This publication may be cited as Nicodemus, A., Pinyopusarerk, K., Zhong, C.L., Franche, C. (Editors). 2016. Casuarina improvement for securing rural livelihoods. Proceedings of Fifth International Casuarina Workshop, Chennai, India. 3-7 February 2014. Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Coimbatore, India. First published in India in 2016 by Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding PB 1061, Forest Campus, R.S. Puram, Coimbatore 641 002, India Email: [email protected]. Web: http://ifgtb.icfre.gov.in FOREWORD The versatile and truly multipurpose Casuarina trees have been helping people by providing industrial, livelihood and environmental products and services. They have been widely introduced outside their natural distribution range in the tropics and have become indigenized and well integrated into the local farming systems. More than 150 years of cultivation in diverse climatic and soil conditions helped in perfecting the cultivation techniques and identifying site and end use appropriate taxa. The existence of large variation in terms of adaptability, growth attributes and resilience to pest attack across species and provenances offers guaranteed selection for almost any given planting environment and utility. This variation proved to be useful to expand the cultivation from the traditional coastal areas to areas away from the coast including land affected by salt, mining and water-logging. Fortunately an active working group exists for research and development of Casuarina for over 30 years since the first Casuarina Workshop was held in Canberra during 1981. This group is also effectively aligned with the Working Party on Improvement and Culture of Nitrogen-fixing Trees of the International Union of Forestry Research Organizations. The Fifth International Casuarina Workshop brought together nearly one hundred delegates involved in various aspects of Casuarina research and improvement for discussing the latest developments in their respective areas of research. This workshop was organized by the Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding and I am glad that IFGTB is also bringing out the proceedings of the Workshop. The articles included in this publication document the current knowledge on Casuarina and provide insights to carry forward its improvement for the socio-economic benefit of farmers and industries and agencies involved in environmental protection. I hope this publication will be widely used by all stakeholders and help in sustaining the Casuarina working group's contribution for securing rural livelihoods in the future. R.S. Prashanth Director Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding Coimbatore, India Preface Over two million hectares of Casuarina plantations raised throughout the tropics and sub-tropics provide several socio-economic, environmental and ecological services. Their fast growth, adaptability to a range of edaphic and climatic conditions, multiple end uses and the symbiotic nitrogen fixing ability make them a highly preferred group of trees for farmers. Casuarinas are known to protect human habitats and agricultural fields through shelterbelts and windbreaks, help in reclaiming degraded sites and meet industrial raw material requirements for papermaking, plywood making and biomass-based energy generation. Nursery development, cultivation and harvesting of Casuarina generate livelihood opportunities for farmers and agriculture-dependent labour force in rural areas. Following previous four successful international Casuarina meetings in Canberra (1981), Cairo (1990), Da Nang (1996) and Haikou (2010), the fifth meeting was held in Chennai, Republic of India during 3-7 February 2014 and the theme was Casuarina Improvement for securing rural livelihoods. The objectives were to bring together researchers and others interested in development of Casuarinas, and to update and compile the knowledge on this important group of species so that the results could be effectively applied to improve livelihood opportunities in rural areas leading to enhanced wood production and farm income. A total of 82 participants from 10 countries attended this meeting and presented 80 papers categorized into the following sessions: genetics and breeding; silviculture, agroforestry, pest and diseases; nitrogen fixation and biotechnology; and industrial application, environmental services and policy issues. Outputs from this meeting are presented in this proceedings. A few research papers not presented are also included. The contents and views expressed in the papers are those of the authors. Editing of the original papers has been made to maintain the uniformity of the proceedings. We thank all sponsors of the Workshop and those involved in organizing the Workhop and publication of this proceedings. We hope this publication will be useful to all people involved in Casuarina cultivation and improvement and also help in guiding future research and development activities for securing rural livelihoods. A. Nicodemus K. Pinyopusarerk C. L. Zhong C. Franche Workshop Sponsors Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India Department of Science and Technology, Government of India Department of Biotechnology, Government of India Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers Limited Seshasayee Paper and Boards Limited Institute for Research and Development, France French Embassy in India Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Australia International Paper-APPM Limited Ballarpur Industries Limited BILT Tree Tech Limited Society for Afforestation, Research and Allied Works, WCPM, Dandeli CONTENTS Foreword Preface Workshop Sponsors Summary of Discussions and Recommendations / 1 Status of Casuarina Research and Development and Livelihood Needs Casuarina Improvement for Securing Rural Livelihoods in India / 5 N.K. Kumar, B.G. Singh, A. Nicodemus, R.S. Prashanth and K. Pinyopusarerk Constraints in Casuarina Cultivation in Southern Coastal Regions of China / 10 C.L. Zhong, Y. Zhang, Q. B. Jiang, Y. Chen, Z. Chen, K. Pinyopusarerk, D. Bogusz and C. Franche Growth and Development of Casuarina equisetifolia in the Open Sandy Sea Coasts of Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh / 14 M.K. Hossain, A. A. Mahmud, B. Mohajan and M. Hossain Results of the 2013 Survey of Casuarinaceae Populations in the Philippines / 20 E.L. Tolentino Jr., A. Abarquez, A. B. Lapis and H. J. E. Apolinario Conservation of Genetic Resources and Improvement of Agroforestry Tree Species in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Overview / 25 A. Kalinganire, Z. Tchoundjeu, J. C. Weber, C. Dembele and J. Bayala The Untapped Potential of Casuarina equisetifolia in the Kenyan Coast / 31 M.T.E. Mbuvi, C. Wekesa and N. Leila Casuarina-Microbe Interactions, Nutrient Dynamics Promoting the Use of N2-fixing Casuarinas for Profitable Farm-forestry in Australia: Realizing the Vision / 35 I.R. Kennedy and N. K. Ganguli Selection of Potential Isolates of Ectomycorrihzal Fungi for Improving Seedling Growth of Casuarina equisetifolia/41 V. Mohan and P. Manokaran Rehabilitation of Saline Lands Using Selected Salt-tolerant Casuarina-microorganisms Combinations / 46 N. Diagne, P.I. Djighaly, M. Ngom, H. Prodjinoto, D. Ngom, V. Hocher, D. Fall, D. Diouf, M. Nambiar-Veetil, M.O. Sy, I. Ndoye, C. Franche, D. Bogusz, A. Champion and L. Laplaze Casuarina Leaf Litter: A Review / 52 N.K. Ganguli and I.R. Kennedy Effect of Bio-inoculants on Growth, Biomass and Nutrient Content of Casuarina equisetifolia L. Grown in Decomposed Coir Pith in Nursery Condition / 59 T.S. Saravanan and K. Rajendran Growth Response Based on Sex in Casuarina equisetifolia Inoculated with Frankia / 64 S. Umagowrie Age-related Changes in Tannin and Nutrient Concentrations of Casuarina equisetifolia Branchlets and Fine Roots / 69 G.F. Ye, L.H. Zhang, S.J. Zhang, C.Y. Lu and Y.M. Lin Response of Casuarina equisetifolia and C. junghuhniana to Frankia Under Field Conditions / 74 A. Karthikeyan (i) Tree Improvement and Biotechnology Genetic Improvement of Casuarinas: Past Achievements and Priorities