J J. abbr. 1. JUDGE. 2. JUSTICE (2).3. JUDGMENT. 4. JUS. 5. jactitation (jak-ti-tay-sh,m). (17c) 1. A false boasting or JOURNAL. claim that causes injury to another. [Cases: Libel and JA. abbr. 1. JUDGE ADVOCATE. 2. See joint account under Slander 140.] 2. Civil law. SLANDER OF TITLE. ACCOUNT. jactitation of marriage. Rist. 1. False and actionable Jac. abbr. Jacobus the Latin form of the name James, boasting or claiming that one is married to another. 2. used principally in citing statutes enacted during the An action against a person who falsely boasts ofbeing reigns of English kings of that name (e.g., "St. 1, Jac. married to the complainant. 2"). "Jactitation of marriage is a cause of action which arises when a person falsely alleges that he or she is married jacens (jay-senz). [Latin) Lying; fallen; in abeyance. See to the petitioner, and the remedy sought is a perpetual hereditas jacens under HEREDITAS. injunction against the respondent to cease making such allegations. The cause is now uncommon in English munici­ jackpot justice. Slang. The awarding of enormous and pal law and almost unknown in the conflict of laws." R.H. apparently arbitrary damages to plaintiffs, thereby Graveson, Conflict ofLaws 349 (7th ed. 1974). making the plaintiffs wealthy and encouraging others jactitation of title. See SLANDER OF TITLE. to file lawsuits seeking excessive damages for even minor actual harm. jactura (jak-t[yJoor-J), n. [Latin] Civil law. 1. A throwing ofgoods overboard to lighten or save a vessel; JETTISON. Jackson-Denno hearing. (1965) A court proceeding, 2. A loss incurred from this; general average. See general held outside the jury's presence to determine whether average under AVERAGE. - Also termed jactus. the defendant's confession was voluntary and therefore admissible as evidence. Jackson v. Denno, 378 U.S. 368, jactus lapilli (jak-tas la-pit-I). [Latin "the throwing down 84 S.Ct. 1774 (1964). - Also termed Jackson v. Denno of a stone"] Roman law. A landowner's thrOWing of a hearing. [Cases: Criminal Law 0531, 532.] small stone onto a neighbor's land to symbolically protest construction that could threaten the thrower's Jackson standard. (1980) Criminal law. The principle that interest. Cf. NOVI OPERIS NUNTIATIO. the standard of review on appeal when a criminal defendant claims that there is insufficient evidence to jactus mercium navis levandae causa (jak-tas mar­ support the conviction - is to determine whether, after shee-am nay-vis la-van-dee kaw-z<l). [Latin "the considering the evidence in the light most favorable to throwing of goods into the sea for the purpose of the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have lightening the ship"] Roman law. JETTISON. See I.EX found the essential elements of the crime beyond a RHODIA. reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 99 jactus reUs (jak-tJs ree-tis). [Latin] Roman law. The S.Ct. 2781 (1979). [Cases: Criminal LawC=' 1144.13(3), casting ofa net in the context ofemptio spei. See emptio 1159.2(7).] spei under EMPTIO. Jackson v. Denno hearing. See JACKSON-DENNO HEAR­ JAG. abbr. JUDGE ADVOCATE GENERAL. ING. JAG Department. See JUDGE ADVOCATE GENERAL'S Jacob Wetterling Crimes Against Children and DEPARTMENT. Sexually Violent Offender Registration Act. A 1989 JAG Manual. See MANUAL OF THE JUDGE ADVOCATE federal statute requiring each state to create a sex­ GENERAL. offender registry of sexually violent offenders, par­ jail, n. (l3c) A local government's detention center where ticularly those who have been convicted of sex crimes persons awaiting trial or those convicted of misde­ against minors, and to disclose information about meanors are confined. - Also spelled (esp. in BrE) registered sex offenders for public-safety purposes.• gaol. - Also termed holding cell; lockup; jailhouse; 'Ihe Act mandates a minimum registration period of house ofdetention; community correctional center. Cf. 10 years, beginning on the offender's date of release PRISON. [Cases: Prisons 0213.] - jail, vb. from custody or supervision. It was amended in 1996 by Megan's Law, which added the disclosure requirement. jail credit. (I950) Time spent by a criminal defendant in See 42 USCA § 14071. The Act was named for ll-year­ confinement while awaiting trial. • This time is usu. old Jacob Wetterling of Minnesota, who was abducted deducted from the defendant's final sentence (if con­ by a stranger in 1989. During the immediate search for victed). - Also termed jail-credit time. [Cases: Sentenc­ Jacob, law-enforcement officers discovered that many ing and Punishment 01158.J of the county's halfway houses sheltered sex offenders jail delivery. 1. An escape by several prisoners from a from another county. Jacob was never found. - Often jail. 2. Archaic. A clearing procedure by which all pris­ shortened to Jacob Wetterling Act or Wetterling Act. Cf. oners at a given jail are tried for the offenses that they MEGAN'S LAW. [Cases: Mental Health 0469.1 are accused ofhaving committed. 911 Jencks material general jail delivery. Collectively, acquittals in high Jane Doe. A fictitious name for a female party to a legal numbers as a result ofeither lax or reckless adminis­ proceeding, used because the party's true identity is tration of the law or defects in the law. unknown or because her real name is being withheld. ­ 3. Archaic. 1be commission issued to judges of assize, Also termed Jane Roe; Mary ",v[ajor. Cf. JOHN DOE. directing them to clear a jail by trying - and either [Cases: Federal Civil Procedure <::=' 101; Parties acquitting or condemning - all the inmates. 4. 73.] Archaic. The court charged with the trial ofall ordinary Janus-faced (jay-n<Js fayst), adj. (17c) Having two con­ criminal cases. - Also written gaol delivery. See COM­ trasting or contradictory aspects; two-faced <a Janus­ MISSION OF GAOL DELIVERY. faced plea>. jailer. A keeper, guard, or warden ofa prison or jail. ­ Jason clause. Alaritime law. A bill-of-Iading clause Also spelled (esp. in BrE) gaoler. [Cases: Prisons requiring contribution in general average even when 390.] the peril that justified the sacrifice was the result ofthe jailhouse. See JAIL. carrier's negligence, for which the carrier is otherwise exempt from liability by statute .• The clause is named jailhouse lawyer. A prison inmate who seeks release after the Supreme Court case that upheld its enforce­ through legal procedures or who gives legal advice to ability, The Jason, 225 U.S. 32, 32 S.Ct. 560 (1912). See other inmates. Also termed guardhouse lawyer. general average under AVERAGE. [Cases: Shipping jail liberties. Bounds within which a jailor prison lies 189.] and throughout which certain prisoners are allowed jaywalking, n. (1919) The act or instance of crossing a to move freely, usu. after giving bond for the liber­ street without heeding traffic regulations, as by crossing ties.• The bounds are considered an extension of the between intersections or at a place other than a cross­ prison walls. Historically, jail liberties were given in walk.[Cases: Automobiles (;::::>217; Municipal Corpora­ England to those imprisoned for debt. The prisoners tions (;::::>707.) jaywalk, vb. were allowed to move freely within the city in which the prison was located. - Also spelled (esp. in BrE) gaol JCP. abbr. Justice of the Common Pleas. See COURT OF liberties. - Also termed jail limits. See BOUND (2). COMMON PLEAS. "[Sltatutes were from time to time passed enlarging the J.D. abbr. JURIS DOCTOR. gaol liberties, in order to mitigate the hardships of impris· JUSTICE (1). onment: thus, the whole City of Boston was held the 'gaol Jedburgh justice (jed-b;}r-<J). See liberties' of its county gaol. And so with a large part of New Jeddart justice (jed-<Jrt). See Jedburgh justice under York City.... The prisoner, while within the limits, is con­ JUSTICE (1). sidered as within the walls of the prison." 1 John Bouvier, Bouvier's Law Dictionary 1333-34 (8th ed. 1914). jedge and warrant (jej). Scots law. The authority formerly jail mail. Slang. Correspondence sent by or to an incar­ given by the Dean of Guild of a burgh to rebuild or cerated person .• It is often screened by prison per­ repair a dilapidated house or tenement. sonnel. Jedwood justice (jed-wdd). See Jedburgh justice under Jamaican switch. An illegal scheme whereby one con­ JUSTICE (1). spirator convinces the victim of a need for help in Jencks material. (1961) Criminal procedure. A prosecu­ handling a large sum of money, usu. by claiming to tion witness's written or recorded pretrial statement have found the money or by claiming to be an unso­ that a criminal defendant, upon filing a motion after phisticated foreigner, and promises to share part ofthe the witness has testified, is entitled to have in prepar­ money with the victim or asks the victim for help in ing to cross-examine the witness .• The defense may finding a suitable charity to donate to, at which time use a statement ofthis kind for impeachment purposes. the other conspirator appears and promises to assist Jencks v. United States, 353 U.S. 657, 77 S.Ct. 1007 (1957); ifboth the victim and first conspirator provide good­ Jencks Act, 18 USCA § 3500. Cf. BRADY MATERIAL. faith money, the intent being for the two conspirators [Cases: Criminal Law (;::::>627.7.] to leave with all the money, including the victim's .• reverse Jencks material. Criminal procedure. A defense The name given to this scheme is likely to be considered witness's written or recorded pretrial statement that offensive by some. Also termed pigeon drop. [Cases: a prosecutor is entitled to have in preparing to cross­ False Pretenses (;::::> 16.] examine the witness. - Reverse Jencks material may James hearing.