Nationallibrary Bibliothèque naticnale 1+1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Direction des acquisitions et Bibliographie Services Branch des services bibliographiques 39S Wellinglon Streel 395. rue Wel1ingloo Olt3wa. Ontario Or.awa (Onlano) K1AON4 K1AON4 NOTICE AVIS The quality of this microform is La qualité de cette microforme heavily dependent upon the dépend gr~:.ndement de la qualité quality of the original thesis de la thèse soumise au submitted for microfilming. microfilmage. Nous avons tout Every effort has been made to fait pour assurer une qualité ensure the highest quality of supérieure de reproduction. reproduction possible. If pages are missing, contact the S'il manque des pages, veuillez university which granted the communiquer avec l'université degree. qui a conféré le grade. Sorne pages may have indistinct La qualité d'impression de print especially if the OIiginal certaines pages peut laisser à . pages were typed with a poor désirer, surtout si les pages typewriter ribbon or if the originales ont été university sent us an inferior dactylographiées à l'aide d'un photocopy. ruban usé ou si l'université nous a fait parvenir une photocopie de qualité inférieure. Reproduction in full or in part of La reproduction, même partielle, this microform is governed by de cette m!croforme est soumise the Canadian Copyright Act, à la Loi canadienne sur le droit R.S.C. 1970, c. C-30, and d'auteur, SRC 1970, c. C·30, et subsequent amendments. ses amendements subséquents. Canada • CONSTRUCTING ITALIAN ETHNICITY A comparative study of two Italian language newspapers in Australia and Canada. 1947-1 957. Susanna Iuliano Department of History McGill University, .Montreal September, 1994. (c) A thesis submitted to the Faculty ofGraduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. • National Library Bibliothèque natic,nale 1+1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Direction des acquisitions et Bibliographie Services Branch des services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. ruo Wellington Ottawa, Ontario Ottawa (Ontario) K1A 0N4 K1A QN4 THE AUTHOR HAS GRANTED AN L'AUTEUR A ACCORDE UNE LICENCE IRREVOCABLE NON-EXCLUSIVE IRREVOCABLE ET NON EXCLUSIVE LICENCE ALLOWING THE NATIONAL PERMETTANT A LA BIBLIOTHEQUE LIBRARY OF CANADA TO NATIONALE DU CANADA DE REPRODUCE, LOAN, DISTRIBUTE OR REPRODUIRE, PRETER, DISTRIBUER SELL COPIES OF HISIHER THESIS BY OU VENDRE DES COPIES DE SA ANY MEANS AND IN ANY FORM OR THESE DE QUELQUE MANi'EiŒ ET FORMAT, MAKING THIS THESIS SOUS QUELQUE FORME QUE CE SOIT AVAILABLE TO INTERESTED POUR METTRE DES EXEMPLAIRES DE PERSONS. CETTE THESE A LA DISPOSITION DES PERSONNE INTERESSEES. THE AUTHOR RETAINS OWNERSHIP L'AUTEUR CONSERVE LA PROPRIETE OF THE COPYRIGHT IN HISIHER DU DROIT D'AUTEUR QUI PROTEGE THESIS. NEITHER THE THESIS NOR SA THESE. NI LA THESE NI DES SUBSTANTIAL EXTRACTS FROM IT EXTRAITS SUBSTANTIELS DE CELLE­ MAY BE PRINTED OR OTHERWISE CI NE DOIVENT ETRE IMPRIMES OU REPRODUCED WITHOUT HISIHER AUTREMENT REPRODUITS SANS SON PERMISSION. AUTORISATION. ISBN 0-612-05393-8 Canada • TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract i i Rèsumè i i i Acknowledgements iv PREFACE. 1-6 CHAPTER ONE: ETHNICITY AND THE ETHNIC PRESS•...........•7-34 CHAPTER 1WO: POST-WAR CANADIAN AND AUSTRALIAN IMMIGRATION POUCY TOWARDS ITAUANS.....•......•.••.••...3S-S6 CHAPTER THREE: IAFJAMMA. S7-102 CHAPTER FOUR: IL CfITADINDCANADESE...............•..........103-146 CONCLUSION 147-150 BIBUOGRAPlIY 151-169 • ii • ABSTRACT This thesis is broadly concerned with how an ethnic group defines itself through the medium of the press. lt contends that newspapers do more than simply 'reflect' the experience of ethnie groups, they in fact help to 'construct' ethnic identity. The specific focus of this study is the ltalian language press and its attempts to shape the ideals of italianità of ltalian migrants in Canada and Australia in the immediate post-war period. This work is based on two newspapers, Montreal's Il Cittadino Canadese and La Fiamma published in Sydney, New South Wales. Ail available editions from the decade 1947 to 1957 are examined in order to determine which symbols and causes were used to promote ltalian ethnic cohesiveness. ln the course of this thesis, it is argued that La Fiamma used religion as the basis of its ideal of ita1ianità, while the ltalo-Canadian paper Il Cittadino Canadese made the issue of ltalian political representation in Canadian government structures the basis of its quest to unite Italian migrants into an ethnic 'community', Sorne possible reasons for the difference in focus between the two newspapers are presented in the conclusion, AIso, suggestions are made for future comparative research between ltalian ethnic communities in Canada and Australia which may help to better explain the differences laid bare in this paper. • i l' 1 ,1 iii • RÉSUMÉ Le présent mémoire tente d'analyser la façon dont un groupe ethnique se définit dans la presse écrite. L'étude soutient que le rôle des journaux ne se limite pas à être le miroir de l'experiénce ethnique; en fait, ils contribuent à la définission de l'identité ethnique. Cette étude cherche à explorer plus précisément l'effort déployé par la presse de langue italienne à façonner les idéaux de ]'italianità des immigrants italiens au Canada et en Australie durant l'après-guerre. L'analyse est basèe sur le donèes recueillies dans deux journaux: Il Cittadino Canadese de Montrèal et La Fiamma de Sydney en Australie. Tous les numèros disponnibles de ces deux journaux parus entre 1947 et 1957 ont ètè examinès dans le but d'identifier les symboles et les causes ayant servi à promouvoir la cohèsion de la communautè italienne. Au cours de ce mèmoire, on soutient que les idèaux de ]'italianità prèsentès dans La Fiamma ètaient fondès sur la religion, alors que le journal italo-canadien Il Cittadino Canadese s'est servie de la question de la reprèsentation italienne dans l'appareil gouvernemental canadien pour rassembler les immigrants d'origine Italienne en une "communautè" ethnique. La conclusion offre quelques avenues possibiles pour expliquer cette diffèrence. L'auteur propose d'autres voies d'analyse, dans le domaine de la recherche comparative entre les communautès ethniques italiennes du Canada et de l'Australie, qui pourraient mieux expliquer les diffèrences relevèes dans ce mèmoire. • i\' • ACKNOWLEDG EMENTS Many thanks to my advisor Professor John Zucchi for his constant encouragement and support in the course of writing this thesis. His guidance was invaluable, but even more important to me was his unflagging confidence in my ability to get the job done and be in control of my own work. A special note of thanks to the CUITent editor of Il Cittadino Canadese, Mr Basilio Giordano, who generously aIlowed me to have free access to all the old editions of the Italo-Canadian paper in his busy office. 1hope he enjoys reading about what l discovered in ail those boxes ofcrumbling newspapers. l also owe a debt ofgratitude to my 'old' friend Professor Richard Bosworth, who got me interested in the Italian ethnic press in the first place. Thank you also to the staff at Reid Library at the University ofWestern Australia and to the librarians at McClennan/Redpath, McGilI. l must also make special mention of two close friends, Rob Braaten and Janine Stingel, who have helped to sustain me both inteIlectually and emotionally for the last two years. Thanks a1so to Kate Meier, Lisa Martin and Aileen Baird. Finally, many thanks to my family and friends in Western Australia, especially my parents and my sister Teresa. Despite being 50 far away, their frequent letters and phone caIls provided me with much needed moral support. • l • PREFACE "Journallsm is an inferno, a bottomless pit of iniquity, falsehood and treachery; one can only pass through it and emerge from it unsullied if one is shielded as Dante was by the divine laurels ofVirgil." Honore de Balzac Lost Illusions 1 Balzac's denunciation of the fourth estate is just one dramatic and learned variation on a familiar, enduring theme: the press always lies. Journalists typically respond to accusations that they merely fabricate 'truth' in newspapers by promoting the myth of their own impartiaUty. They claim to report only discernable fact and insist that their subjective input in the process ofcommunicating news is minimal. A newspaper is said to simply 'reflect' the events and ideas of the society or community ofwhich it is a part When using the press as a source of historical information, historians should he wary ofeditors and journalists who maintain that they present 'nothing but the facts'. Like any other written document, a newspaper is the product ofa selective and Interpretative process in which there can be no pristine objectivity. It emboclles the collective views ofwi.iters who contribute articles, the editor who selects and re-orders the stories, as well as the owner or proprietors who deflne the area in which their employees can operate. Because most newspapers are a1so commercial enterprises, advertisers may a1so exercise sorne control over a paper's general • perspective. .) This cumulative bias is expressed in a variety of explicit and implicit ways. It l'an he detected in the range and type of issues • with which a newspaper deals. Alternatively. a specifie opinion can be stated obviously in an editorial column or it may emerge more subtly in the style of language or format used. The point that 1want to make here is that a newspaper does more than Just mirror what is happening at a local community. national or international level. By interpreting ideas and current events according to particular political, social or religious ideals, a newspaper may influence the thoughts and actions ofits audience. To put it in Gramsclan terms, the press is a powerful instrument in the establishment of hegemony or 'common sense'.