November 2007 Will Glasgow Flourish? Learning from the past, analysing the present and planning for the future Fiona Crawford, Glasgow Centre for Population Health Sheila Beck, NHS Health Scotland Phil Hanlon, University of Glasgow GoWell is a collaborative partnership between the Glasgow Centre for Population Health, the University of Glasgow and the MRC Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, sponsored by Glasgow Housing Association, GLASGOW COMMUNITY HEALTH AND WELLBEING Communities Scotland, NHS Health Scotland and RESEARCH AND NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde. LEARNING PROGRAMME Acknowledgements The GoWell research team consists of: Sheila Beck (Ecological Monitoring Team) Alison Burlison (Ecological Monitoring Team) Fiona Crawford (Ecological Monitoring Team) Matt Egan (Researcher) Elizabeth Fenwick (Health Economist) Phil Hanlon (Principal Investigator) Ade Kearns (Principal Investigator) Louise Lawson (Researcher) Rebecca Lenagh-Snow (Administrator) Phil Mason (Researcher) Mark Petticrew (Principal Investigator) Jennie Richardson (Communications Manager) Carol Tannahill (Principal Investigator) Hilary Thomson (Neighbourhood Audits) David Walsh (Ecological Monitoring Team) Many of the charts in the report were produced by Alison Staff in the Mitchell Library ‘Glasgow Room’ were very Burlison who collated and analysed data from various helpful in highlighting key texts and reports relevant to the sources to illustrate interesting and relevant trends in a public health and housing history of Glasgow. The Mitchell number of areas. The General Register Office for Scotland Library photo archive was the source of several of the (GROS), Glasgow City Council and NHS Health Scotland photographs of Glasgow used in the report. provided particular analyses or data for graphs. Thanks to David Ogilvie and Caroline Hidouche who also Heartfelt thanks to Alison Burlison, Phil Mason, Carol provided photographs of Glasgow locations. Tannahill, and David Walsh, who contributed to the structure and content of the report as well as faithfully A big thank you to Rebecca Lenagh-Snow and Jennie reviewing and editing each draft. Richardson who managed the tricky process of assembling the various sections of the report, proof We are also very grateful to the full GoWell team, the reading, design and print. GoWell steering group, colleagues in GCPH and elsewhere who provided constructive feedback and suggestions. Please cite the report as follows: Crawford F, Beck S, Hanlon P. Will Glasgow Flourish? Regeneration and Health in Glasgow: Learning from the past, analysing the present and planning for the future. Glasgow: Glasgow Centre for Population Health, 2007. ISBN: 978-1-906150-04-4 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored on a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the permission of NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde. Will Glasgow Flourish? Regeneration and Health in Glasgow Contents Section Page Preface 1 Section 1: The Story of Glasgow 5 1.1 Introduction 7 How this report was produced 7 1.2 Politics, economics and the built environment 8 The economy and employment in the early 20th Century 8 Glasgow’s housing in the early 20th Century 10 Politics and legislation during and after the second world war 14 The ‘Bruce Plan’ and the 1946 Clyde Valley Regional Plan (the ‘Abercrombie Plan’) 15 Post war housing in Glasgow 15 Transport and the redevelopment of Glasgow 18 Glasgow housing in the late 20th Century 19 Housing stock transfer in Glasgow 21 Current housing issues in Glasgow 22 Attracting and retaining a working population 23 1.3 People, welfare and public health 27 Policy and legislation 27 Maternal and child welfare 28 The birth of the welfare state 29 Progress in primary prevention 31 Social policy and its impact on health 33 The Glasgow experiment 34 The campaign against TB 34 Restructuring of the NHS and local government 35 Leisure and recreation 39 Demography and immigration 40 1.4 Waves of regeneration in Glasgow over the 20th Century 44 Immediate post war Glasgow 44 Glasgow in the mid 20th Century 45 Glasgow Eastern Area Renewal (GEAR) 46 ‘Self help’ in urban regeneration 48 Regeneration in late 20th Century Glasgow 49 Reference list 51 Section 2: Health Challenges of the 21st Century 55 2.1 Introduction 57 2.2 Physical environment 57 2.3 Social environment 59 2.4 Economic environment 61 2.5 Educational environment 63 2.6 Health and wellbeing 64 2.7 Conclusion 68 Reference list 68 Will Glasgow Flourish? Regeneration and Health in Glasgow Section Page Section 3: Current Regeneration Policy 69 3.1 Introduction 71 3.2 Policy, strategy and planning context for regeneration at the time the GoWell study was initiated 71 3.3 Economic regeneration addressing poverty: economic growth and improved opportunity 73 3.4 Regeneration of the physical environment addressing blighted landscapes: more attractive and accessible neighbourhoods 77 3.5 Housing-led regeneration addressing poor housing: more mixed, attractive and vibrant neighbourhoods 80 3.6 Social regeneration: stronger, safer, more attractive communities 84 – Community involvement in decision making 84 – Reconnecting communities with wider opportunities 84 – Improving local services 85 – Enabling people to stay in communities and providing support for vulnerable populations 85 – Addressing lifestyles and behaviours 86 3.7 Cultural regeneration 88 3.8 Regeneration outcomes 89 3.9 Conclusion 89 Reference list 90 Section 4: Regenerating Glasgow Today? 93 4.1 Introduction 95 4.2 Glasgow Housing Association’s regeneration and housing renewal activity 95 4.3 Regional and local strategy and investment 96 4.4 Metropolitan growth corridor 99 – Clyde Waterfront 100 – The City Centre 101 – Clyde Gateway 101 4.5 Strategic growth corridors 104 – The M8 East Growth Corridor 104 – The M80 Growth Corridor 104 – Glasgow North 105 4.6 Glasgow’s housing 105 4.7 Economic regeneration led by the retail sector 107 – Glasgow Fort, Easterhouse 107 – Pollok Town Centre 107 4.8 Conclusion 108 Reference list 109 Section 5: What will make Glasgow Flourish in the Future? 111 Reflections 113 Appendix 1: Definitions and sources used in the figures 117 Appendix 2: Abbreviations used in the report 127 Will Glasgow Flourish? Regeneration and Health in Glasgow List of Figures Figure Page Fig 1.1 Population in Glasgow, 1801 to 2006 8 Fig 1.2 House size in Glasgow in 1911 11 Fig 1.3 Overcrowding in Glasgow in 1921 12 Fig 1.4 Households lacking basic amenities in Glasgow and Scotland, 1951 to 2001 16 Fig 1.5 Housing tenure in Glasgow, 1961 to 2001 19 Fig 1.6 Overcrowding in Glasgow and Scotland, 1951 to 2001 22 Fig 1.7 Poor quality housing in Glasgow and Scotland in 2002 23 Fig 1.8 Employment in Glasgow, 1931 to 2001 24 Fig 1.9 Adult economic activity in Glasgow and Scotland, 1971 to 2001 24 Fig 1.10 Projected household structure in Glasgow, 2002 to 2016 26 Fig 1.11 Infant death rates in Glasgow, 1855 to 2006 28 Fig 1.12 Infant death rates in Glasgow’s Sanitary Districts in 1901 29 Fig 1.13 Life expectancy in Glasgow, 1821-27 to 2004-06 30 Fig 1.14 Infectious diseases (cases) in Glasgow 1905 to 1954 31 Fig 1.15 Infectious diseases (deaths) in Glasgow 1905 to 1954 32 Fig 1.16 Tuberculosis death rates in Scotland, 1901 to 1955 34 Fig 1.17 Limiting long-term illness in Glasgow, 1991 and 2001 38 Fig 1.18 Minority ethnic groups in Glasgow and Scotland, 1991 and 2001 41 Fig 1.19 Population of Glasgow and Scotland born in Eire or outwith the UK/Eire, 1951 to 2001 42 Fig 1.20 Population age distribution of Glasgow and Scotland, 1951 to 2001 43 Fig 2.1 Proximity to derelict sites in 2004 57 Fig 2.2 Cleanliness in 2004/05 58 Fig 2.3 Dwellings with damp, condensation, mould, and poor energy rating in Greater Glasgow in 2002 58 Fig 2.4 Fear of crime in 2003/04 59 Fig 2.5 Crime rates, 1997 to 2003 60 Fig 2.6 Social isolation in Greater Glasgow, 2002 60 Fig 2.7 Employees’ weekly pay in Glasgow, 1998 and 2005 61 Fig 2.8 ‘Employment deprivation’ in 2005 62 Fig 2.9 Adults with no qualifications in 2001 63 Fig 2.10 Participation in higher education, 1998-2000 to 2001-03 64 Fig 2.11 Life expectancy in men in Glasgow compared to Scotland and the highest West of Scotland council area, 1991-1993 to 2003-2005 65 Fig 2.12 Alcohol-related deaths in Greater Glasgow, 1980 to 2003 66 Fig 2.13 Prevalence of adult obesity in Greater Glasgow, 1995 to 2003 66 Fig 2.14 Hospitalisation rates for diabetes, 1991-93 to 2000-02 67 Will Glasgow Flourish? Regeneration and Health in Glasgow Figure Page Fig 3.1 Regeneration drivers, processes and outcomes 72 Fig 3.2 Economic regeneration 76 Fig 3.3 Regeneration of the physical environment 79 Fig 3.4 Housing regeneration 83 Fig 3.5 Social regeneration 87 Fig 3.6 Cultural regeneration 89 Fig 4.1 Map of Glasgow’s regeneration priority areas from a national perspective 96 Fig 4.2 Map of “areas of focus” from City Plan 2000 97 Fig 4.3 Map of Key Regeneration Areas 98 Fig 4.4 Planned and completed new housing in the Clyde Waterfront Regeneration Area, May 2007 100 Fig 4.5 Investment programme for different land use in the Clyde Gateway area 103 Fig 4.6 House building for the private and social rented sector in Glasgow, 1991-92 to 2006-07 106 Will Glasgow Flourish? Regeneration and Health in Glasgow Preface This report provides an analysis of regeneration and health in Glasgow. It seeks to learn from the past (Section 1), analyse the present (Sections 2, 3 and 4) and, through the discussions that will flow from the report (Section 5), plan for the future.