Hukay is a Tagalog term that can either be the verb ‚to dig‛ or a noun, ‚a hole in the ground as a result of digging‛. It also means ‚an excavation‛ among archaeology practitioners in the Philippines. Published twice a year, Hukay is the refereed journal of the University of the Philippines - Archaeological Studies Program. We accept articles on the archaeology, ethnoarchaeology, palaeoenvironmental studies, and heritage of the Asia and Pacific regions. The Editors and the Reviewers are not responsible and should not be held liable for any personal views or opinions expressed here by the contributing authors. All questions and/or reactions to such should be addressed to the author(s) concerned. Founding Editor Victor J. Paz Editor Grace Barretto-Tesoro Associate Editor Francis N. Claravall Layout Design Francis N. Claravall Cover Design Francis N. Claravall Anna Pineda Taj Vitales Archaeological Studies Program Albert Hall University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City http://asp.upd.edu.ph/hukay © Archaeological Studies Program All Rights Reserved No copies can be made in part or in whole without prior written permission from the author and the publisher. ISSN 0119-173X On the cover: A bottle of Chamberlain’s Pain Balm from Melodina Sy Cruz’s Article on p. 34. Hukay Journal for Archaeological Research in Asia and the Pacific Volume 19 2014 Archaeological Studies Program University of the Philippines 2014 Contents i Foreword 1 Building in 19th Century Philippines Ena Angelica C. Luga 24 Looking Through the Glass: Analysis of Glass Vessel Shards from Pinagbayanan Site, San Juan, Batangas, Philippines Melodina Sy Cruz 61 Of Scrapes and Scratches: A Preliminary Study on the Use-wear of Porcelain Sherds from Structure A, Pinagbayanan, San Juan, Batangas, Philippines Andrea Natasha E. Kintanar 84 Buttons of San Juan: Preliminary Analysis of Buttons Recovered from San Juan, Batangas 2009 Field Season Pauline A. Basilia 106 How old is the Babo Balukbuk Site? The Use of Tradeware Ceramics and Radiocarbon Dating in Identifying the Age of Porac, Pampanga, Philippines Rhayan G. Melendres 135 The Last Voyage of the Dead: The Milky Way and the Boat- Shaped Burial Markers of the Philippines Archipelago Rafael Dy-Liacco 167 The Challenge of Managing Archaeological Databases: Some Issues and Concerns Maria Sagrario R. Simbulan BOOK REVIEWS 192 Lo Jung-pang. Bruce A. Elleman (Ed). 2011. China as a Sea Power, 1127- 1368: A Preliminary Survey of the Maritime Expansion and Naval Exploits of the Chinese People during the Southern Song and Yuan Periods. Singapore: NUS Press and Hong Kong University Press. Review by Joan Tara Reyes 194 Paulo Jorge Pinto De Sousa. 2012. Translated by Roopanjali Roy. The Portuguese and the Straits of Melaka, 1575-1619: Power, Trade and Diplomacy. Singapore: NUS Press and The Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society Review by Joan Tara Reyes 198 Mark Liechty. 2003. Suitably Modern: Making Middle-Class Culture in a New Consumer Society New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Review by Michael Armand P. Canilao i Foreword Of the seven articles in this issue, four discuss the outcome of the excavations of the ruins of two stone houses in San Juan, Batangas, Philippines. These two adjoining sites were excavated during the University of the Philippines-Archaeological Studies Program’s annual field school from 2009 to 2011. Ena Angelica C. Luga discusses the construction methods of the second structure known as Structure B. The construction methods of Structure A written by Angelus Maria P. Sales was published in Hukay Volume 18. Melodina Sy Cruz analyses the glass shards from Structure B. Her study is a pioneering work on glass bottles from a historical period site. Cruz’s paper can be used as a reference for bottles found in same period sites. An important contribution made by Cruz’s paper is the identification of bottles based on the lips and seams. Andrea Natasha E. Kintanar investigates scratch marks on porcelain sherds recovered from Structure A. Same as Cruz’s paper on glass shards, Kintanar’s work is the first of its kind in the Philippines. She expands research on porcelains found in the Philippines by studying usewear, an area which earlier ceramicists overlooked. Kintanar’s arcticle is significant because it looks at activities which involved porcelains that may help us understand past lifestyles. Pauline A. Basilia’s work on buttons recovered from Structure A is another interesting article. Using Energy Dispersive X-ray, Basilia identified the buttons and concluded that some were sourced from France. Cruz’s and Basilia’s works can be used to understand trade and distribution of imported items during the late colonial period. Rhayan G. Melendres who participated in the Porac, Pampanga field school in 2002, writes on the significance of tradeware ceramics recovered from the site as time markers. He correlated the radiocarbon dates of the site with the dates of the foreign ceramics and found out that the latter are as good as the former in dating sites. Melendres’ study illustrates that Chinese and Southeast Asian ceramics from secured contexts in well-documented excavations can provide good dates. Rafael Dy-Liacco’s article on boat-shaped burial markers in Batanes and Catanauan demonstrates his interest in archaeoastronomy. Dy-Liacco interprets the boat-shaped burial markers as representations of ii an earlier world view shared by the Austronesians when the Milky Way was an integral part of that consciousness. Maria Sagrario R. Simbulan tackles a sensitive issue in her article on managing archaeological databases. She tries to reconcile the need for the public to access relevant data on archaeological sites and the same time the need for archaeologists to protect sites by concealing information. All seven articles are groundbreaking because they investigate good research topics and open new avenues for archaeological investigations such as new approaches and methods in artefact analyses. The topics discussed in this volume have not yet been studied before in the Philippine context. This shows the ingenuity of the writers, all graduate students, by looking at Philippine archaeology with fresh perspectives. Lastly, we thank the National University of Singapore for providing the two books reviewed in this volume. Grace Barretto-Tesoro Hukay Editor 1 Building in 19th Century Philippines Ena Angelica C. Luga1 Abstract Prominent structures in Philippine history include those constructed during the Spanish colonial period such as churches, fortifications, and “stone houses” or bahay na bato associated with the elite. The archaeological investigations of these structures have increased with the annual Field School of the University of the Philippines-Archaeological Studies Program (UP-ASP). This paper is an outcome of one such Field School conducted in 2011.The UP-ASP Field School 2011 conducted an archaeological investigation of a structure recorded as Structure B located in Barangay Pinagbayanan, San Juan, Batangas. This paper investigates the methods and materials used for the construction of Structure B and compares it with Structure A, an adjacent site previously excavated. Both structures were found to be bahay na bato. This paper sheds light on how building construction went about in 19th century Philippines based on archaeological evidence. It presents the different factors that influenced building construction, the peculiarities found in the construction of these structures, the challenges posed on the construction of a bahay na bato, and the mechanisms used to cope with these challenges in the 1800s. 1 Graduate Student, Archaeological Studies Program, University of the Philippines Email: [email protected] Huka y Volume 19, pp. 1-23 2 Luga Introduction The archaeological excavations of Spanish colonial structures such as domestic structures, fortifications, and churches in the Philippines have been increasing in frequency especially with the annual Field School by the University of the Philippines-Archaeological Studies Program (UP- ASP). In 2011, the UP-ASP Field School excavated ruins of a structure in Barangay Pinagbayanan, San Juan, Batangas (Figure 1). This structure, recorded as Structure B, was the second structure to be excavated in the area and was eventually identified as a bahay na bato based on archaeological evidences and local accounts. Structure A was previously excavated in 2009 and 2010 and found around 40m north of Structure B (Barretto-Tesoro et al. 2009; Sales 2013; UP-ASP 2010). Figure 1: Map of the Philippines showing the location of San Juan, Batangas on the left. On the right is the plan of Structures A and B in Barangay Pinagbayanan (Prepared by ACL Pineda after GoogleMaps 2014). During the excavation, several questions were raised regarding the structure, one of which was regarding the technology and methods used in its construction. The main objective of this research endeavour is to answer this particular question: what were the methods and technology used in the construction of Structure B? Building in 19th Century Philippines 3 To answer the aforementioned question, this study’s aims are: 1. To identify construction materials found in Structure B; 2. To identify the technology and methods of construction employed in Structure B; and 3. To compare the construction materials and methods in Structure B with Structure A . With increasing archaeological investigations of structures in the Philippines, this study will contribute to the literature on construction methods employed