The Angolan revolution, Vol. I: the anatomy of an explosion (1950-1962) http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.crp2b20033 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org The Angolan revolution, Vol. I: the anatomy of an explosion (1950-1962) Author/Creator Marcum, John Publisher Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press (Cambridge) Date 1969 Resource type Books Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) Angola, Portugal, United States, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Congo, Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Coverage (temporal) 1950 - 1962 Source Northwestern University Libraries, Melville J. Herskovits Library of African Studies, 967.3 M322a, v. 1 Rights By kind permission of M.I.T. Press and with thanks to John A. Marcum. Description This first volume of Marcum's classic study of Angolan nationalism first lays out his influential analysis of the tripartite historical streams of nationalist organization. Then he describes in detail the outbreak of armed resistance in 1961 as well as Portuguese repression and international reaction, including by the United States. The final third of the book covers further developments through 1962. This first volume of Marcum's classic study of Angolan nationalism first lays out his influential analysis of the tripartite historical streams of nationalist organization. Then he describes in detail the outbreak of armed resistance in 1961 as well as Portuguese repression and international reaction, including by the United States. The final third of the book covers further developments through 1962. Format extent 408 page(s) (length/size) http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.crp2b20033 http://www.aluka.org ........ ...... ........ ...... ... .. ... .. ... .. ... ...... ..... ........... ...... .. ..... ... .......... ... .......... ........... t:'T .... ...... a.'7.Wj- Northwestern University Library Evanston, Illinois 6.0201 LLL THE ANGOLAN REVOLUTION.: THE ANATOMY OF AN EXPLOSION (1950-1962) Pointe Zu (Kinshasa) CONGO Cabinda\ Thaville Boma M ata . ISongololo SA Antdnlo 11 oquj L Uv~ eIa *.Maciuela Kasongo do Zaire Sgo Salvador' / Quibocobo -LnaThk Amtbrizese 8es~a Sog mb/Paz F4'Bridge Rivr / Monteiro ~va. ipe ba car on Rie K-h ;'b C M riunaLue 'Aeot Beraganca 1 Casi Loe 9 *NegQuela LNamb angn Sa~uie.e r - )% aag Cxt. CUAN Z 9 C o a a/ llexer PorndoAmboim uibaaRTE Duu de, deSosa010 No a eedod Itoabela.I Lerius ;eazambal. Lobito1 Lara VilaTeixeira Porto AmbiLumbalal Cn a nBalval Ce~ G erpaPit Pot MocNmede'Belasinta. SiAMBIArt Aelexadndrs!eCgl ov iso B~ MingaLmbl TENGrEL Mara. Ioaa SOUTHd WESTeb FRICAo BOTSWAna Mlap of A ngola THE ANGOLAN REVOLUTION VOLUME 1 THE ANATOMY OF AN EXPLOSION (1950-1962) John Marcum THE M. L T. PRESS Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London, England A'V V', Copyright © 1969 by The Massachusetts Institute of Technology Set in Linotype Baskerville. Printed and bound in the United States of America by Port City Press, Inc., Baltimore, Maryland. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress catalog card number: 69-11310 FOR ANDREA PREFA CE Writing of a revolution still in progress may be like exploring the crater of an erupting volcano-one may succeed only in getting burned. Moreover, when, as in this case, the revolution involves persons and ideals that command his personal respect, an author's capacity for objectivity may be sorely tested. This book is being written despite such problems in the hope that it may contribute something to public knowledge and understanding of a little-studied but important colonial conflict soon to enter its ninth year. While it does not presume to break methodological ground, it does attempt an intelligible presentation of data that may be useful for future comparative and theoretical analyses. The absence of a free press or of conditions favoring the development of modem social science in Portugal has inhibited probing inquiry and research into conditions prevailing in its "Overseas Provinces." Foreign scholars have not been encouraged to fill the resulting knowledge gap, and consequently much of what has been written about Angola, Guinea-Bissau, and Mozambique has been uninformative and propagandistic. The obstacles to serious research are imposing. All Angolan nationalist movements were illegal and clandestine from their inception. Many were infiltrated and broken up by the police and many of their leaders were jailed. Other nationalists fled into exile where the insecurities and intrigues of exile politics increasingly and understandably inclined them and their goal-frustrated movements to distrust the motives of prying scholars. Excluded from academic inquiry, of course, are what would surely be some of the richest sources of information, i.e., the files of Portugal's secret police (PIDE) as well as those of the numerous foreign intelligence services that must be presumed to maintain a considerable interest in revolutions like that of Angola. Nevertheless, when pieced together, the disparate data that are available vii viii PREFACE afford a measure of insight into the causes and course of the Angolan conflict. It has been possible to supplement mimeographed publications of nationalist movements, United Nations documents, and a wide assortment of reports, articles, and books published in Europe, Africa, and the United States-all fully cited in footnotes -with interviews and written accounts by exiled Angolan leaders and students. The author is particularly indebted to those Angolan informants for their invaluable assistance, which is also cited throughout. In order to protect persons inside Angola, however, some details and names have been omitted. The author is also responsible for translations from Portuguese and French into English, including attributed quotations. Except for instances where it appears in direct quotations, Kongo is spelled with a K wherever it refers to the historic kingdom, kingship, or portion of the kingdom now under Portuguese rule, as distinct from the Congo republic of Brazzaville and Ldopoldville. Often different words or spellings may be used for the names of persons, ethnic groups, or places in Angola. Some of the alternatives are listed, but one form has been selected for use thereafter on the premise that it seems to be the most common, modern, or simple. The names of some Angolan nationalist movements are given in French rather than Portuguese. This is true in the cases of Congo-based 6migr6 or exile organizations that most commonly use the French form themselves. Many of the materials used in the study were collected over the past decade during the course of several research trips to Africawithout any expectation that they would serve for more than occasional classroom use. These journeys began with an International Relations Fellowship from the Ford Foundation in 195859 and concluded with a Fulbright Hays Grant in 1966-67. Colgate and Lincoln Universities both made possible release time and resources that permitted the pursuit of this interest along with research in the field of African regionalism. I am grateful to the Center for International Studies, M.I.T., for sponsoring publication of this first volume and for a research grant enabling me to complete the forthcoming second volume. This assistance was made possible by a grant to M.I.T. by the Ford Foundation for teaching and research in international affairs. The following institutions granted access to relevant material in their libraries, morgues, or archives: the American Committee on PREFACE ix Africa; Africa Report; Boston University; Columbia University; Harvard University; the Hoover Institution, Stanford University; the Institut d'I]tudes Politiques, University of Paris, France; the Library of Congress; the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; the University of California at Los Angeles. In addition to the many Angolans whose contributions form such an important part of the study, many others gave generously of their knowledge and advice. They include ProfessorsRonld James Duffy, and Douglas Wheeler; Bishop Ralph Dodge and Revs. David and James Grenfell, Malcolm McVeigh, Murray McInnes, and Theodore Tucker; Dr. Ian Gilchrist; Messrs. George Houser, Frank Montero, and William Scheinman. JOHN MARCUM Lincoln University, Pennsylvania