KULTURDEPARTEMENTET ÖPPNA RADION OCH TELEVISIONEN Kartläggning och analys av icke-kommersiell lokal radio och tv Christer Hederström Ds 2004:00 Innehållsförteckning 1 Sammanfattning ...........................................................................5 2 Uppdraget....................................................................................15 3 Medborgarnas radio och television...........................................19 3.1 Medier och demokrati.......................................................................................... 19 3.1.1 Yttrandefriheten ........................................................................................... 19 3.1.2 Medier som instrument................................................................................. 20 3.1.3 Medierna och kulturpolitiken....................................................................... 22 3.1.4 Ett europaperspektiv..................................................................................... 23 3.2 Media i det civila samhället ................................................................................. 24 3.3 Public access som alternativ................................................................................. 28 4 Lokal radio..................................................................................31 4.1 Regelverket........................................................................................................... 31 4.2 Historik................................................................................................................. 33 4.3 Närradion idag...................................................................................................... 34 4.3.1 Radiolandskapet ........................................................................................... 34 4.3.2 Verksamheten idag....................................................................................... 35 4.4 Närradions skilda plattformar............................................................................... 38 4.4.1 Översikt ........................................................................................................ 38 4.4.2 Föreningsradion - originalet......................................................................... 38 4.4.3 Lokalradio .................................................................................................... 41 4.4.4 Kombination föreningsradio-lokalradio....................................................... 43 4.4.5 Föreningsradion – Minoriteternas radio....................................................... 44 4.4.6 Studentradion ............................................................................................... 44 4.4.7 Privat eller kommersiell närradio................................................................. 47 4.4.8 Folkbildningsradio ....................................................................................... 47 4.4.9 Andra behov och nya plattformar................................................................. 49 4.4.10 Fristående internetradio................................................................................ 50 4.5 Sändningsteknik ................................................................................................... 51 4.5.1 Nuvarande teknik......................................................................................... 51 4.5.2 Digital radio - DAB...................................................................................... 52 4.5.3 Andra digitala sändningstekniker................................................................. 55 4.5.4 Trådbunden distribution............................................................................... 57 4.5.5 Mastmonopol................................................................................................ 58 4.5.6 Studioförbindelser ........................................................................................ 59 4.5.7 DAB och närradio ........................................................................................ 59 4.6 Räckviddsproblematik.......................................................................................... 61 4.6.1 Behovet av räckvidd..................................................................................... 61 4.6.2 Kommunbegränsning ................................................................................... 61 4.6.3 Riksförbudet................................................................................................. 65 4.6.4 Frekvensbristen ............................................................................................ 66 4.7 Kommersialisering och privatisering................................................................... 67 4.7.1 Regelsystemet idag....................................................................................... 67 1 4.7.2 Kommersialisering ....................................................................................... 68 4.7.3 Delade kanaler.............................................................................................. 72 4.7.4 Privatiseringen.............................................................................................. 75 4.7.5 Särskilda problem för minoritetsmedier....................................................... 77 4.8 Kostnader ............................................................................................................. 78 5 Lokal television...........................................................................81 5.1 Regelverket........................................................................................................... 81 5.2 Historik................................................................................................................. 83 5.3 Verksamheten idag............................................................................................... 84 5.3.1 Tv-landskapet............................................................................................... 84 5.3.2 Lokala kabelsändarföretag idag ................................................................... 86 5.3.3 Student-tv ..................................................................................................... 90 5.3.4 Andra lokala tv-kanaler................................................................................ 92 5.3.5 Lokala samhällsprojekt ................................................................................ 94 5.4 Teknikutvecklingen.............................................................................................. 95 5.4.1 Produktionsteknik......................................................................................... 95 5.4.2 Sändningsteknik ........................................................................................... 96 5.4.3 Mottagningsteknik........................................................................................ 99 5.5 Räckvidd............................................................................................................. 100 5.5.1 Vad är räckvidd? ........................................................................................ 100 5.5.2 Must carry och take away........................................................................... 101 5.5.3 Tillgången till etern.................................................................................... 104 5.6 Kommersialisering och privatisering................................................................. 107 5.6.1 Behovet av gränsdragning.......................................................................... 107 5.6.2 Delad kanal................................................................................................. 108 5.6.3 Privata intressen......................................................................................... 109 5.6.4 Reglerad sändningsorganisation................................................................. 110 5.7 Kostnader ........................................................................................................... 111 6 Gemensamma problemområden.............................................113 6.1 Upphovsrättsområdet ......................................................................................... 113 6.2 Referensbandning och pliktleveranser ............................................................... 115 6.3 Förhållandet till public service........................................................................... 116 6.3.1 Public service-företagens samhällsuppdrag ............................................... 116 6.3.2 Gränsdragning och samverkan................................................................... 118 6.4 Marknadsföring och information....................................................................... 119 6.5 Yttrandefrihetens gränsland ............................................................................... 120 6.5.1 Extremistiska yttringar............................................................................... 120 6.5.2 Närradions särskilda problem..................................................................... 122 6.5.3 Öppna tv-kanaler........................................................................................ 124 6.5.4 Etiska regler................................................................................................125 6.6 Publikens makt................................................................................................... 126 6.6.1