REVUE BELGE DE NUMISMATIQUE ET DE SIGILLOGRAPHIE CLXI – 2015 BELGISCH TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR NUMISMATIEK EN ZEGELKUNDE BRUXELLES – BRUSSEL TABLEDESMATIÈRES–INHOUDSTAFEL urban versus ruralcontexts:differencesofmonetisation fromancientgreecetotheearlymiddleages (coinfinds,taxesandtrade)–conferencemay23 2014 ▪ François deCallataÿ&JohanvanHeesch , Introduction 1 ▪ CatherineG randjean, Lamonétarisationdel’ Astu etdela Chôradescités recques( vi es.av.n.è.–vesiècleden.è.)enquestions 3 ▪ François deCallataÿ, ComediesofPlautusandTerence:anunusualop- portunitytolookintotheuseofmoneyinHellenistictime 17 ▪ ChristianLauwers, Coinsetateliersmonétairesceltes:del’ oppidum aux artisansitinérants 55 ▪ FranS troobants&Jeroen Poblome, Byin andsellin inlateRomanPisi- dia:ahypotheticalframeworkofcoinuseinSa alassosanditscountryside 73 ▪ Philippa Walton, Frombarbarismtocivilisation?Rethinkin themoneti- sationofRomanBritain 105 ▪ Jean-Marc D oyen , La monét (ar)isation des rands domaines ruraux de Gauleseptentrionale:entre estioncapitalisteetcommercedeproximité 121 ▪ AlessiaR ovelli, Contextesurbainsvs.ruraux:l’Italiecentraleetsepten- trionaledurantleHautMoyenÂe 145 ▪ Jean-PierreDevroey, Activitémonétaire,marchésetpolitiqueàl’â edes empereurscarolin iens 177 mémoires –artikels PanagiotisP.Iossif , Who’swealthier?Anestimationoftheannualcoinpro- ductionoftheSeleucidsandthePtolemies 233 PierluigiDebernardi &OlivierL egrand , RomanRepublicansilvercoinsof the quadrigatus periodstruckinSpain 273 DavidBiedermann &Florian Haymann , DieDenaredesP.VentidiusBas- sus( rrc531 ) 293 MartinBeckmann , Trajan’srestoredcoina e:volume,valueandpurpose 311 Peter Talloen, Fran Stroobants &Patrick Degryse , HephaistosinPisidia: establishin theimportanceofacointype 325 Giacomo Manganaro , TraGallienoetil‘re numGalliarum’:‘radiati allici anomali’inSicilianel iii -iv secolo ad 343 FernandoLópez-Sánchez ,PriscusAttalus’secondcoinissuesinNarbonne (414 -5)andthecirculationofclipped siliquae inSpainandGaul( 420 -2) 371 PeterS pufford, Turnin fromFrancetotheEmpire–﬈eshi﬇oftheLow CountriesfromanAn lo-Frenchcurrencyre iontoanElectoral-Imperial currencyre ioninthefi﬇eenthcentury 387 inhoudstafel –tabledesmatières mélanges –mengelingen Aleadpatternfora denaro ofpopeAdrianIII( 884 -885 )orStephenVI(V) (885 -888 ), doorR.VanLaere–Ze elmatrijsvande beeckersenmulle- ners vanTon eren( 15 de eeuw), doorT.Ghys &R.VanLaere 401 comptesrendus –recensies Harald Derschka ,Suzanne Frey-Kupper&Reiner Cunz,Selbstwahrnehmun undFremdwahrnehmun inderFundmünzenbearbeitun (R.VanLaere ) 407 Susanna SilbersteinTrevisaniCeccherini,LamonetazionediRe ioMa no- reca.Dal iv sec.a.C.allachiusuradellezecca(Ch.Flament ) 409 M. Reddé (dir.), Del’orpourlesbraves!Soldes,arméesetcirculationmonétaire danslemonderomain(V.Geneviève ) 412 Karl-Josef Gilles , DerrömischeGoldmünzenschatzausderFeldstraßeinTrier (J.vanHeesch ) 414 Klaus Vondrovec ,CoinaeoftheIranianHunsandtheirsuccessorsfromBac- triatoGandhara( 4th to 8th century ce )(R.VanLaere ) 415 Lucia Travaini , IcappelidiCarloilCalvo(G.Sarah) 418 Niklot K lüssendorf ,NumismatikundGeld eschichte.BasiswissenfürMittel- alterundNeuzeit(R.VanLaere ) 421 Martin Bloemendal etal.,Gesla eninDordrecht–teru blikopdeMuntvan Holland(H.Vanhoudt ) 423 Willy Geets , RekenmuntenklinkendemuntindeZuidelijkeNederlanden.Een complexeenintiemerelatie( 13 de -18 de eeuw)(E.Aerts ) 424 José Diaz Tabernero & Luca Gianazza , Die Geldbörse des ‚Söldners‘ vom Theodol-Pass(VS)=Ilriposti liodel‘mercenario’delColledelTeodulo(VS) (R.VanLaere ) 427 Andreas Hedwig (eds.), FinanzpolitikundSchuldenkrise 16. -20 .Jahrhundert (R.VanLaere ) 429 Gerd-Henrich Stork , Geowissenscha﬇enimSpie elvonMedaillenundMünzen (R.VanLaere ) 431 bibliographie –bibliografie Christine Servais, Biblio raphiedelanumismatiquebel e 2014 –Biblio ra- fievandeBel ischenumismatiek 2014 433 srnb –kbgn Extraitsdesprocès-verbaux–Uittrekselsuitdeverslagen 449 Listesdesmembres–Ledenlijsten 465 nécrologie –overlijdensbericht GayvanderMeer(M.Scharloo ) 469 MartinBECKMANN* TRAJAN’S RESTORED COINAGE: VOLUME, VALUE AND PURPOSE Abstract –Trajan“restored”aseriesofsilverand oldcointypes,theori inalsof whichdatebackasfarasthe 3rd centurybc .﬈epurposeofthesecoinsremainsun- clearandtheirinterpretationisproblematic.﬈ispaperapproachestheproblemfrom thepointofviewofproduction.Itshowsthatthecoina ecouldhavebeenproduced insufficientvolumetoconstitutea congiarium ,butalsothatthevolumerelativeto thenormalcoina edifferedsubstantiallybetweenthe oldandthesilver,su estin thepossibilitythattherestoredcoina ehadmorethanoneintendedﬔnction. Introduction tanuncertainpointintrajan’sreign aremarkableseriesofgold andsilvercoinswasissuedatRome.﬈esecoinsbearoldtypesof AtheRepublic(silver)ortheportraitsandtypesofearlieremperors (gold) and also the inscription (on the reverse) imp [erator ] caes [ar ] traian [us ]aug [ustus ]ger [manicus ]dac [icus ]p[ater ]p[atriæ]res - t[ituit ]:theEmperorTrajan[...]restored[thiscoin].Inthemostrecent surveyofTrajan’srestoredcoinseries,BernhardWoytekhasidentifieda totalof 50 Republican denarius types(e. .,Fig.1)and 23 Imperial aureus types(e. .,Fig.2).[1] Fi .1–TrajanicrestorationofadenariusofT.Carisius,ori inalca. 45bc (bmc Trajan 688 ,©TrusteesoftheBritishMuseum) * DepartmentofClassics,McMasterUniversity; e: [email protected] [1] Woytek 2010, p.641 -644 .HolgerKomnick( 2001, p.132 -134 )counted 51 Republican and 23 Imperialtypes;someoftheformerareremovedbyWoytekandothersadded (2010, p.167 -168 ).Inthefirstcomprehensivestudyofthesubject,Mattingly( 1926 ) counted 43 Republican and 22 Imperial types. ﬈e change in known types since Mattingly’sstudyisrelativelysmall,suggestingthatwenowhaveafairlycompre- hensiveknowledgeoftheoriginalmakeupoftheseries. rbn clxi(2015),p.311 -324. 312 martinbeckmann Fi .2–OstensibleTrajanicrestorationofanaureusofJ.Caesar;thetypedidnot existonCaesar’scoina e( bmc Trajan 696 ,©TrusteesoftheBritishMuseum) ﬈e Republican types range in date (of the original coins) from the pre- denarius didrachm coinageofthe 3rd century bc tothetimeofAugustus, whiletheImperialseriesspansrulersfromCaesartoNerva(omittingCali- gula,NeroandDomitianwhileincludingPompey).MostRepublicantypes arecopiedmoreorlessfaithﬔllyfromtheiroriginals;themajorexceptions aretheadditionsoffalsemoneyers’names(FuriusCamillus,Cocles,and DeciusMus)tothreeearlyanonymoustypes. [2]﬈eImperialtypesonthe otherhandrelymuchless,andinsomecasesnotatall,onoriginalmodels. ﬈epresenceinthereverseinscriptionofTrajan’stitle Dacicus (awarded ad102 )andtheabsenceof Optimus (awarded ad114 )givesnomorethana broaddaterangeforthecoins.Twopossibledateswithinthisrangehave beenarguedfor.Mostcommentatorshaveassociatedtherestorationwitha recallofworncointhatissaidbyCassiusDio( 68 .15 .1-3)tohaveoccurred a﬇er Trajan’s return from his second Dacian war (ca. ad 107 ). [3] More recentlyWoytek,buildingonstylisticandtypologicalobservationsmadein the 1930 sbyPaulStrack,hasarguedforadateneartheendofthepossible range,intheyears 112 or 113 .[4] ﬈e purpose of Trajan’s restored coinage is a puzzle. It purports to “restore”oldcointypes,butitishardtobelievethatthelatercoinsinthe series(uptoNerva,Trajan’simmediatepredecessor)wouldhavebeenin needofrestoration.GreatcarewastakeninthecareﬔlcopyingofRepubli- cantypes,butthevolumeofthesilvercoinage( seebelow )issosmallthatit couldhardlyhavemadeavisualimpactinthemassofcirculatingmoney. Furthermoreitisclearthattherestoredseriesincludesmorethansimple [2] Woytek 2010,nos. 801 , 802 , 803 ;Komnick 2001,nos. 2, 1, 3.Occasionallythelegends ofsomeoriginalRepublicantypeswerealteredwhencopiedontherestored denarii , byremovingabbreviated praenomina orexpanding(correctlyornot)ligatures;see Woytek 2004, p.231 -232 . [3] ﬈iswastheopinionofHaroldMattingly( 1926 and bmcre iii )andwasalsooneof thetwopossibilitiessuggestedbyPaulStrack( 1932, p.41 -42 );ithasbeenfollowed by a number of scholars since then, e. Duncan-Jones 1994, p. 195, n. 8; Harvey 2002, p.94 .Duncan-Jones 1994, p.200 believesprofitcouldhavemotivatedTrajan’s actions,butWolframWeiser( 1999 )hasarguedthatthiswasanunlikelymotivation. [4] Strack 1932, p.41 -42 andn. 84 ;Woytek 2010, p.168 -169 .Komnick( 2001, p.137 -138 ) alsoarguedforadateof 112 -114 butonthebasisoftheuseofthenominativecase inthereverselegend;asWoytek 2010, p.168 notes,thisdistinctionisnotuseﬔlasa chronologicalaid.CurtisClay( 2012, p.356 -357 )arguesinfavourofthemoretradi- tional,Dio-basedinterpretationinhisreviewofWoytek 2010 . trajan’srestoredcoinage 313 reproductions: the additionof fictitious names (in theRepublican series) andtheinventionoftypes(intheImperialseries)showmanipulationofthe typesandlegends,presumablywithadeliberatepurposeormessageinmind. Finally,thedifferenceincomplexityofmessagebetweenthegoldandsilver serieschallengesassumptionsofaudienceandreception:themessageofthe silvercoinagemightbeassumedtobetargetedatasimpleraudiencethan thatofthegold,butthemostobscureiconographyandcomplicatedepi- graphyappearsonthesilvercoinagewhilethegoldisdominatedbysimple typesofemperors,personificationsandsymbolsofvictory. FunctionoftheRestoredCoinage ﬈epurposeofthispaperistoinvestigatethiscoinagefromanoverlooked perspective,viz .fromthepointofviewofitsproduction:howmanycoins wouldhavebeenproduced,whatﬔnctionacoinageofthisvaluecouldhave had,andhowthesecoinswouldhaverelatedtothenormalcoinageprodu- cedbytheRomanmint.﬈ismakesitpossibletoprovideapractical,physi- calcontextforTrajan’srestoredcoinage. ﬈einformationrequiredbythisapproachisobtainedfromdataondie identificationsandcoincountsinboththerestoredandtheregularcoinage. Byapplyingstatisticalformulætocountsofdiesandcoinsitispossibleto