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The access to the contents of this doctoral thesis it is limited to the acceptance of the use conditions set by the following Creative Commons license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=en 0 Television Viewing Habits of Children in Chongqing (China) Doctoral Dissertation Tian Qu Director: Núria García-Muñoz Departament de Comunicació Audiovisual i Publicitat Facultat de Ciències de la Comunicació Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra, December 2017 1 Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................................. 5 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. 7 List of Tables ......................................................................................................................... 8 List of Figures ........................................................................................................................ 9 Chapter 1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 12 1.1 Children and Television in China ................................................................................ 12 1.2 The Economic Gap of China ........................................................................................... 16 1.3 Overview of Chongqing ................................................................................................... 19 1.3.1 CitY divided ................................................................................................................................... 19 1.3.2 Population ..................................................................................................................................... 20 1.3.3 Economic gap ............................................................................................................................... 20 1.3.4 Media environment ................................................................................................................... 21 1.3.5 Rural Left-behind Children .................................................................................................... 22 1.4 Research Questions and Hypotheses ......................................................................... 23 1.5 Research Methodology ................................................................................................... 25 1.5.1 Phase 1 ............................................................................................................................................ 25 1.5.2 Phase 2 ............................................................................................................................................ 26 Chapter 2 Literature Review ....................................................................................... 27 2.1 Theoretical Framework ................................................................................................. 27 2.1.1Media Uses and Gratification TheorY ................................................................................. 27 2.1.2 Media DependencY TheorY .................................................................................................... 29 2.1.3 Reception Studies ...................................................................................................................... 31 2.1.4 Cultural Studies ........................................................................................................................... 33 2.2 Children’s TV Programs in China ................................................................................ 35 2.2.1 Development of children’s television ................................................................................ 35 2.2.2 Regulation of children’s television ..................................................................................... 41 2.2.3 Development of Chinese animation ................................................................................... 47 2.3 Factors Affecting Children’s TV Viewing ................................................................... 49 2.3.1Children’s demographic aspects ........................................................................................... 49 2.3.2 FamilY influences ....................................................................................................................... 52 2.3.3 Other media usage ..................................................................................................................... 56 2.3.4 Peer interpersonal communication ................................................................................... 57 2.4 Television Viewing and Children Development ..................................................... 58 2.4.1 Cognitive and school achievement ..................................................................................... 58 2.4.2 Pro-social behavior ................................................................................................................... 59 2.4.3 Violence and aggressive behavior ...................................................................................... 60 2.4.4 Health issue and obesitY ......................................................................................................... 61 Chapter 3 Methodology ................................................................................................. 64 3.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 64 3.1.1 The initial research design ..................................................................................................... 64 3.1.2 Research paradigm .................................................................................................................... 65 3.2 Phase 1 ................................................................................................................................. 67 2 3.2.1 Research design of Phase 1 .................................................................................................... 67 3.2.2 Justification of method ............................................................................................................. 68 3.2.3 Samples .......................................................................................................................................... 69 3.2.4 Procedure ...................................................................................................................................... 72 3.2.5 Data analYsis ................................................................................................................................ 77 3.3 Phase 2 ................................................................................................................................. 77 3.3.1 Research design of Phase 2 .................................................................................................... 77 3.3.2 Semi-structured interview ..................................................................................................... 78 3.3.3 Samples .......................................................................................................................................... 79 Chapter 4 Results of Phase 1 ....................................................................................... 81 4.1 Introductions ..................................................................................................................... 81 4.2 Television Viewing Habits of Chongqing Children ................................................ 81 4.2.1 Media ownership and household media environment .............................................. 81 4.2.2 Media using frequencY and time consumption in a tYpical week ......................... 83 4.2.3 Co-viewing .................................................................................................................................... 84 4.2.4 TV rules .......................................................................................................................................... 86 4.2.5 TV and food ................................................................................................................................... 87 4.2.6 TV multitasking and other activities ................................................................................. 88 4.2.7 Amount, frequencY and time period of TV viewing .................................................... 88 4.2.8 TV viewing preferences ........................................................................................................... 91 4.2.9 Favorite programs and TV channels .................................................................................. 94 4.2.10 Friends and TV ...................................................................................................................... 100 4.2.11 Attitudes ..................................................................................................................................