© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION chapter © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT3 FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORComputer SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Science NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION and the Foundation © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORof DISTRIBUTION Knowledge NOTModel FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION June Kaminski © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC OBJECTIVESNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Key Terms 1. Describe the essential components of computer systems, including both Acquisition hardware and software. Applications © Jones &2. BartlettRecognize the Learning, rapid evolution LLC of computer systems and the benefit© Jonesof & BartlettArithmetic logicLearning, unit (ALU) LLC NOT FOR SALE keeping up-to-dateOR DISTRIBUTION with current trends and developments. NOT FOR SALEBasic input/output OR DISTRIBUTION system 3. Analyze how computer systems function as tools for managing information (BIOS) Binary system and generating knowledge. Bit 4. Define the concept of human–technology interfaces. Bus 5. Articulate how computers can support collaboration, networking, and Byte © Jones & Bartlett Learning, information LLC exchange. © Jones & Bartlett Learning,Cache memoryLLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONCentral processing unit (CPU) Communication software Introduction Compact disk read-only memory (CD-ROM) In this chapter, the discipline of computer science is introduced through a focus © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Compact© Jones disk-recordable & Bartlett Learning, LLC on computers and the hardware and software that make up these evolving sys- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT(CD-R) FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION tems. Computer science offers extremely valuable tools that, if used skillfully, can Compact disk-rewritable facilitate the acquisition and manipulation of data and information by nurses, (CD-RW) who can then synthesize these into an evolving knowledge and wisdom base. Compatibility This process can facilitate professional development and the ability to apply Computer Computer science © Jonesevidence-based & Bartlett practice Learning, decisions LLC within nursing care, and if the results© Jones are dis &- Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORseminated SALE and OR shared, DISTRIBUTION can also advance the professional knowledgeNOT base. FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION(continues) 33 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE9781284041583_CH03_Printer.indd OR DISTRIBUTION 33 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 15/02/14 3:12 AM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 34 CHAPTER 3: Computer Science and the Foundation of Knowledge Model © Jones & BartlettThis chapter Learning, begins with a lookLLC at common computer hardware,© Jones followed by& aBartlett Learning, LLC Key Terms (continued)NOT FORbrief SALE overview OR of DISTRIBUTIONoperating, productivity, creativity, and communicationNOT FOR software. SALE OR DISTRIBUTION It concludes with a glimpse at how computer systems help to shape knowledge and Conferencing software collaboration and an introduction to human–technology interface dynamics. Creativity software Databases © JonesDegradation & Bartlett Learning,The Computer LLC as a Tool for© JonesManaging & Bartlett Learning, LLC Desktop Information and Generating Knowledge NOTDigital FOR video SALE disk (DVD) OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Digital video Throughout history, various milestones have signaled discoveries, inventions, disk-recordable or philosophic shifts that spurred a surge in knowledge and understanding (DVD-R) within the human race. The advent of the computer is one such milestone, Digital video which has sparked an intellectual metamorphosis whose boundaries have yet to © Jones & Bartlett disk-Learning, rewritable LLC be fully understood. Computer© Jones technology & Bartlett has ushered Learning, in what has LLCbeen called (DVD-RW) NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONthe Information Age, anNOT age when FOR data, SALE information, OR DISTRIBUTIONand knowledge are both Dissemination Dynamic random accessible and able to be manipulated by more people than ever before in his- access memory tory. How can a mere machine lead to such a revolutionary state of knowledge (DRAM) potential? To begin to answer this question, it is best to examine the basic struc- E-mail © Jones &ture Bartlett and components Learning, of computer LLC systems. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC E-mail client NOT FOR SALEEssentially, OR a computerDISTRIBUTION is an electronic information-processingNOT machine FOR that SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Electronically erasable serves as a tool with which to manipulate data and information. The easiest way programmable to begin to understand computers is to realize they are input–output systems. read-only memory These unique machines accept data input via a variety of devices, process data (EEPROM) Exabyte (EB) through logical and arithmetic rendering, store the data in memory compo- © JonesExecute & Bartlett Learning,nents, and LLCoutput data and information to the© Jonesuser. & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTExtensibility FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONSince the advent of the first electronic computerNOT FORin the SALEmid-1940s, OR computers DISTRIBUTION FireWire have evolved to become essential tools in every walk of life, including the profes- Firmware sion of nursing. The complexity of computers has increased dramatically over the Flash memory years, and will continue to do so. “Computing has changed the world more than Gigabyte any other invention of the past hundred years, and has come to pervade nearly all Gigahertz © Jones & BartlettGraphical Learning, user interface LLC human endeavors. Yet, we© are Jones just at the & beginningBartlett of Learning,the computing LLCrevolution; NOT FOR SALE ORGraphics DISTRIBUTION card today’s computing offersNOT just a FORglimpse SALE of the potential OR DISTRIBUTION impact of computers” Hard disk (Evans, 2010, p. 3). Major computer manufacturers and researchers, such as Hard drive Intel, have identified the need to design computers to mask this growing com- Hardware plexity. The sophistication of computers is evolving at amazing speed, yet ease of Information use or user-friendly aspects are also increasing accordingly. This is achieved by Information Age © Jones &honing Bartlett hardware Learning, and software LLC capabilities until they work seamlessly© Jones together & Bartlett Learning, LLC Instant messageNOT (IM) FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Integrated drive to ensure user-friendly, intuitive tools for users of all levels of expertise. Box 3-1 electronics (IDE) provides information about computing surfaces, an evolving technology. Internet browser According to Intel Corporation’s technology research team, the goal is “tech- Keyboard nology that just works.” “To conceal complexity, Intel Research is looking at a Knowledge number of solutions by: © JonesLaptop & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTMain FOR memory SALE OR DISTRIBUTION■■ Relating user mental models with complexNOT systems FOR andSALE technology OR DISTRIBUTIONto (continues) improve the use and adaptation of systems across devices and contexts. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE9781284041583_CH03_Printer.indd OR DISTRIBUTION 34 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 15/02/14 3:12 AM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION The Computer as a Tool for Managing Information and Generating Knowledge 35 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC BOX 3-1 MICROSOFT SURFACE TENSION? iTABLE NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION KeyNOT Terms FOR (continued) SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Dee McGonigle Do not get too attached to your mouse and keyboard, because they will be out- Mainframes dated soon if Microsoft and PQ Labs have their way. Microsoft has introduced Megabyte (MB) Megahertz (MHz) the Microsoft Surface and PQ Labs is building custom iTables, according to Memory © Jones &Kumparak Bartlett (2009). Learning, Have you ever thought LLC of digital information you can© touch Jones and & Bartlett Learning, LLC Microprocessor grab? Microsoft and PQ Labs are leading us into the next generation of computing, NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALEMicrosoft OR Surface DISTRIBUTION known as surface or table computing. Modem Surface or table computing consists of a multitouch, multiuser interface that Monitor allows one to “grab” digital information and then collaborate, share, and store Motherboard that information, without using a mouse or keyboard—just the hands and fingers, Mouse © Jones & Bartlett Learning,and such devices LLC as a digital camera and personal© Jonesdigital assistant & Bartlett (PDA). This Learning, MPEG-1 LLC Audio Layer-3 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONinterface generally rests on top of a table and isNOT so advanced FOR that SALE it can actually OR DISTRIBUTION(MP3) sense objects, touch, and gestures from many users (Microsoft, 2008). Networks Imagine entering a restaurant