Architectures and Standards for Spatial Data Infrastructures and Digital Government European Union Location Framework Guidelines Vandenbroucke, D Olijslagers, M Boguslawski, R Borzachiello, MT Perego, A Smith, RS EUR 30336 EN This publication is a Technical report by the Joint Research Centre (JRC), the European Commission’s science and knowledge service. It aims to provide evidence-based scientific support to the European policymaking process. The scientific output expressed does not imply a policy position of the European Commission. Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use that might be made of this publication. For information on the methodology and quality underlying the data used in this publication for which the source is neither Eurostat nor other Commission services, users should contact the referenced source. The designations employed and the presentation of material on the maps do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever o n the part of the European Union concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Contact information Name: Francesco Pignatelli Address: European Commission DG Joint Research Centre, Unit B.06, Via E.Fermi, 2749 - 21027 Ispra (VA), Italy Email: [email protected] Tel.: +39 0332 78 6319 EU Science Hub https://ec.europa.eu/jrc JRC121025 EUR 30336 EN PDF ISBN 978-92-76-21404-5 ISSN 1831-9424 doi:10.2760/806776 Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2020 © European Union, 2020 The reuse policy of the European Commission is implemented by the Commission Decision 2011/833/EU of 12 December 2011 on the reuse of Commission documents (OJ L 330, 14.12.2011, p. 39). Except otherwise noted, the reuse of this document is authorised under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). This means that reuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated. For any use or reproduction of photos or other material that is not owned by the EU, permission must be sought directly from the copyright holders. All content © European Union, 2020. How to cite this report: Vandenbroucke, D., Olijslagers, M., Boguslawski, R., Borzacchiello, M.T., Perego, A. and Smith, R., Architectures and Standards for Spatial Data Infrastructures and Digital Government, EUR 30336 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2020, ISBN 978-92-76-21404-5, doi:10.2760/806776, JRC121025. i Contents Acknowledgements..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Abstract.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................6 Executive Summary.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 1 Introduction............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................10 1.1 The European Union Location Framework ....................................................................................................................................................10 1.2 Objectives, scope and target audience ............................................................................................................................................................ 11 1.2.1 Objectives................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 11 1.2.2 Scope............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 11 1.2.3 Target audience .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 12 1.2.4 Other related documents ........................................................................................................................................................................... 12 1.2.5 Background and history of this document.................................................................................................................................. 12 1.3 Structure of this document ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 12 2 Relevant standardisation activities and technological developments.............................................................................................. 14 2.1 Standardisation Activities ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 14 2.2 SDI Standardisation and technological trends.......................................................................................................................................... 17 2.2.1 Major technological trends ....................................................................................................................................................................... 17 2.2.2 Technology trends watch from OGC ................................................................................................................................................19 3 Governmental business processes – Enterprise viewpoint......................................................................................................................... 22 3.1 Business processes............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 22 3.1.1 G2G, G2B and G2C Interactions ........................................................................................................................................................... 24 3.1.2 Back and front offices, and brokers ................................................................................................................................................. 25 3.2 The role of location information in business processes...................................................................................................................26 3.3 Standards and tools for managing business processes...................................................................................................................28 3.4 New developments ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 30 3.4.1 Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technology .................................................................................................................... 30 3.4.2 Event Stream Processing and Complex Event Processing............................................................................................32 3.5 Conclusions .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 33 4 SDI and e-Government architectures – Engineering viewpoint ..............................................................................................................34 4.1 e-Government and the EIS, EIF, EIA and EIRA ...........................................................................................................................................34 4.2 ICT architectures for SDI and e-Government .............................................................................................................................................37 4.3 Standards for designing ICT architectures ................................................................................................................................................... 41 4.4 New developments ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 42 4.4.1 APIs and microservices.................................................................................................................................................................................43 4.4.2 Spatial Data on the Web............................................................................................................................................................................