American University in Cairo AUC Knowledge Fountain Theses and Dissertations 6-1-2015 A Prince and a Fractured Kingdom: The Case of the Sudan’s Power Relations Jihad Salih Mashamoun Follow this and additional works at: https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds Recommended Citation APA Citation Salih Mashamoun, J. (2015).A Prince and a Fractured Kingdom: The Case of the Sudan’s Power Relations [Master’s thesis, the American University in Cairo]. AUC Knowledge Fountain. https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds/63 MLA Citation Salih Mashamoun, Jihad. A Prince and a Fractured Kingdom: The Case of the Sudan’s Power Relations. 2015. American University in Cairo, Master's thesis. AUC Knowledge Fountain. https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds/63 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by AUC Knowledge Fountain. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of AUC Knowledge Fountain. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The American University in Cairo School of Humanities and Social Sciences A Prince and a Fractured Kingdom: The Case of the Sudan’s Power Relations A Thesis Submitted to The Political Science Department In partial fulfillment of the requirements for A Master of Arts Degree By Jihad Salih Mashamoun Under the supervision of Dr. Nadia Farah April 30,2015 Table of Contents Dedication……………………………………………………………………………v Acknowledgments…………………………………………………………………...vi Acronyms………………………………………………………………………………………….. vii Abstract……………………………………………………………………………...xi Introduction…………………………………………………………………………...1 Objective……………………………………………………………………...4 The Research Problem and Research Question……………………………….4 Hypothesis…………………………………………………………………….4 Methodology and Sources…………………………………………………….5 Limitations…………………………………………………………………….6 Significance……………………………………………………………………6 Outline of the Thesis…………………………………………………………..7 Chapter One Introduction…………………………………………………………………....9 A Theoretical Literature Review………………………………………………9 Alternative Theories………………………………………………………….16 The Conceptual Framework………………………………………………….21 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………23 Chapter Two: Power Relations and Religion Introduction…………………………………………………………………..25 Religion and Power: Islam and Islamic Creeds………………………………25 Islam: Popular Religion Entering the Sudan and Consolidation of Two Orders……………………………………………………………………26 The Sufi Orders: Agents of British Imperialism and Their Influence on the Sudanese…………………………………………………………………28 Politicized Sufism: Power Relations of the Sufi Orders and Sudanese Nationalism……………………………………………………………31 ii Power Relations and the Sufi Orders after Independence: From the Late 1950s to the Late 1960s………………………………………………………...34 The Sudanese Islamic Movement: Its Origins and Development in the Sudan…………………………………………………………………….38 The Movement and Hassan Al-Turabi: From a Pressure Group to a Vanguard Political Movement……………………………………………………...42 The Islamic Movement and the Nimeiry Years (1969–1985)………………..44 The Movement’s Machiavellianism………………………………………….50 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………52 Chapter Three: Al-Turabi’s Umma: Power as a Capacity Introduction………………………………………………………………….53 The “Civilization Project” from Above: Totalitarianism in the Sudan………53 The “Civilization Project”: Expansion of the Islamists’ Umma. ……………...61 Radical Islamism in East Africa……………………………………………...64 Somalia: History and Political Islam…………………………………………65 Eritrea: History and Political Islam…………………………………………..72 The SIM’s Unholy Alliance with the EPLF: Machiavellianism Again……...76 The End of the Islamists’ Civil–Military Alliance: Power Conflict within the SIM………………………………………………………………………79 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………89 Chapter Four: The Post-Turabi Regime: Al-Bashir and Power Relations Introduction…………………………………………………………………..91 Establishment of the Post-Turabi Regime: The Second Islamist Republic…..91 The Recycling of Radical Islamism………………………………………....95 Eritrea: The Multiplicity of the Radical Islamist Movement………………..98 Somalia: The Multiplicity of the Radical Islamist Movement……………...104 All Roads Lead to Khartoum: The Clash of Islamists………………………117 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………..123 iii Thesis Conclusion…………………………………………………………………..125 iv To the fond memory of my parents Salih Mashamoun and Siham Sayed, and to my family, and relatives who were always patient and supportive of me. v Acknowledgement The writing of this dissertation was a personal adventure, which is why I am happy to have studied at the American University in Cairo. In this page I would like to show my thanks to the individuals who aided me during my study at AUC. First, I would like to thank my advisor Dr. Nadia Farah, who had accepted to take the gamble of being both my thesis advisor and for supervising me while I was her teachers’ assistant. I am extremely appreciative of how she helped during the writing of this dissertation. I am also very thankful of Dr. Elnur’s extreme patience during the writing of this thesis, for being my point of reference on Sudanese politics, for giving me helpful materials for this dissertation, and for also being source of inspiration as his writings and my discussions with him had proven to me that national activism for Sudan can be also pursed through academia, not only through the streets. Similarly, I would like to thank Dr. Marco Pinfari, who I am greatly and equally in debt to for I learned a wealth of knowledge from his courses, and conversing with him, for teaching me to be critical, and not to take things as a given, for accepting to be a reader for my dissertation at a critical time, and for also giving me his great feedback, along with the Dr. Nadia Farah and Dr.Elnur, that furthered the academic value of my dissertation. Second, I would like to thank my family and relatives, for whom all I will always be in debt to for their constant support and patience with me, especially during the writing of this dissertation. Third, I would like to thank every friend I have made while studying at AUC, life would have been boring without such friends. I know if I had written every name of my friends, this acknowledgement page will be very exhaustive. And So, I would like to say, if you are reading this, then you must be one of my friends. Also, I would like to wish my friends who are still writing their dissertations best of luck am sure they their contributions will be profound, and amazing. Fourth, I would love to thank everyone in the Political Science department as they made feel a member of the Political Science department community. I am certainly indebt to the faculty, whom I surely took courses with or conversed with as I truly learned from what they taught me or what they strove to teach me. Fifth, I would like to thank the director of Graduate Student Services & fellowships Mrs. Sawsan Mardini, who had provided me great support not only during my graduate studies, but also during my under graduate studies. Likewise, I would like to thank, if I might say, her team of great individuals such as John Sedky, Nashwa Abdel Salam, Yasmine Ibrahim, and the others as they all were always nice to me, helpful and very welcoming when I visited their offices. Finally, but not least, I am in debt to the generosity of fellowships I had attained: The Charles Bailey fellowship, the University Fellowship, and the African Graduate Fellowship, as those fellowships had given me the opportunity to purse my graduate studies at AUC. I would like to conclude, by asserting that there are other individuals who I wanted to include in this acknowledgment, however, due to certain restrictions, I would like to apologize for not including them. Nonetheless, I would like to assert they equally have a profound impact on my life. vi Acronyms AENF Alliance of Eritrean National Force AIAI Al-Itihaad Al-Islamiya (Somalia) AIB Arab and Islamic Bureau AIRA African Islamic Relief Agency ARPCT Alliance for Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism ARS Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia AU African Union CIPF Council for International People’s Friendship CPA Comprehensive Peace Agreement DUP Democratic Unionist Party; a Khatmiyya party EDA Eritrean Democratic Alliance EF Eastern Front EIJM Eritrean Islamic Jihad Movement EIPJD Eritrean Islamic Party for Justice and Development; in Arabic, Al-Hizb Al-Islami-Al-Eritree Lil Adalah Wetenmiya EIRM Eritrean Islamic Reform Movement EISM Eritrean Islamic Salvation Movement ELF Eritrean Liberation Front; based in Cairo, Egypt ELF-RC Eritrean Liberation Front-Revolutionary Council ELM Eritrean Liberation Movement; based in Port Sudan, the Sudan EMB Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood EPC Eritrean Popular Congress EPLF Eritrean People’s Liberation Front EPRDF The Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front ESO External Security Organization, external security organ of the SIM government vii FLN Front de Libération Nationale, an Algerian national liberation movement FYP Five Year Plan GMAG Guardians of Morality and Advocates of Good; a SIM paramilitary organization GNU Government of National Unity (in Sudan) HSBA Human Security Baseline Assessment IARA Islamic African Relief Agency ICF Islamic Charter Front IDO Islamic Da’wa Organization IFC Islamic Front for the Constitution IGAD Inter-Governmental Authority on Development IIRO International Islamic Relief Organization ILM Islamic Liberation Movement; in Arabic, Harakat Al-Tahrir Al-Islamy INGOs Islamic Non-Governmental Organizations; Islamic business and charitable organizations IR International Relations- A field of study