4/30/2008 Macaques Human-Macaque ► Old World monkey Interactions and Related ► Body size: Medium to Large bodied ► Omnivorous: fruit, leaves, invertebrates Effects on Macaque ► Arboreal/terrestrial ► Social groups of 20-50 of both sexes and all ages Behavior and Conservation ► Alpha males usually fission to start own groups ► Native to Asia and Africa Denae Crowl ► Order = Primates ► Family = Cercopithecidae Department of ► Genus = Macaca Anthropology, SIUE Phyletic Species-Groups Within the Genus Macaca (A. F. Richard, et. al. 1989) 1. M. fascicularis group • M. cyclopic - Formosan rock, or Taiwan macaque • M. fascicularis - Crab-eating, or long-tailed macaque • M. fuscata - Japanese macaque • M. mulatta - Rhesus macaque 2. M. silenus-sylvanus group • M. nemestrina - Pigtail macaque • M. silenus - Lion-tailed macaque • M. sylvanus - Barbary macaque • M. brunnescens - Mana-Butung macaque Initial Research Question • M. hecki - Heck’s macaque • H. maura - Moor macaque • M. nigra - Celebes black macaque • M. nigrescens - Gorontalo macaque • M. ochreata - Booted macaque Human Perceptions vs. Macaque • M. tonkeana - Tonkean macaque 3. M. sinica group Behavior • M. assamensis - Assamese macaque • M. radiata - Bonnet macaque • M. sinica - Toque macaque • M. thibetana - Tibetan macaque 4. M. arctoides group • M. arctoides - Stumptail, or bear macaque Both human perceptions and macaques behaviors have been My Perception an issue due to the increasing amount of human-macaque interaction ► Bali, Indonesia ► Yap, Micronesian Island ►What is meant by ‘natural’ environment? ► . Revered . Pests What forms of conservation are beneficial to . Provisioned . Disease transmitters macaques and humans? . Welcomed tourist . Illegal transport to main ►What are the issues surrounding established attraction island conservation methods? . Illegal as pets . Crop-raiders 1 4/30/2008 Offerings in form of a flowers/fruits Methods = non-deliberate provisioning ►Reviewed published literature ►Variables . Deliberate & nondeliberate provisioning . Crop-raiding . Human-macaque interactions . Macaque-macaque interactions . Group size . Home range size Methods 900 800 ► Macaque Sites . Pantangtegal, Bali, Indonesia 700 . Sulawesi, Indonesia 600 . Sangeh, Bali Indonesia 500 . Mt. Emei, China 400 . Mt. Huangshan, China HOME RANGE . Mauritius (Island in the S.W. Indian Ocean) 300 . Palau, Micronesian island 200 . Gibraltar (shares northern border with Spain) . Mt. Ryozen, Japan 100 . Yakushima, Japan 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 GROUP SIZE From my initial research it seemed Padangtegal Monkey Forest, Bali, tourism was the key to conservation Indonesia issues: ► Indonesian temples sacred (~20,000 temples in Bali alone) ► Offering to gods = non-deliberate provisioning for centuries or more ► Temples places of conservation and tourism ►increased revenue . Community revenue ►supplemental foraging nutrition to offset the . Increased macaque aggression due to rewarding loss of vegetation due to deforestation . Disease transmission ► Rewarding- provisioning bad behavior ►less need for macaques to crop-raid . Macaques learn aggressive behavior ► Crop-raiding 2 4/30/2008 Tourist Provisioning Indonesian Rice Terraces As far as the eye can see = hard to Gibraltar protect from crop-raiding ►Taxi drivers act as guides . Drivers aid in macaque-human contact . Aggression . Disease transmission . Increased numbers of macaques . In town raiding events Conclusions: Types of Conservation Mt. Huangshan, China Methods in Practice ►Range Restriction ►In forest inhabitants . From 7km² > 3km² ►Conservation Parks ►Large population #’s ►Tourism & revenue-sharing with local ►Lack of natural dietary needs community ►Lack of substantial provisioning ►Hired guards by farmers to protect against ►Increased aggression crop-raiding ►Infant mortality ►Planting of certain crops far away from forest edge (e.g. Maize) 3 4/30/2008 4.