DESIGNING RENEWABLE ENERGY INCENTIVES AND AUCTIONS: LESSONS FOR ASEAN USAID CLEAN POWER ASIA September 4, 2017 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development by Abt Associates Inc. and can be downloaded at the following location: http://www.usaidcleanpowerasia.com/publications.html DESIGNING RENEWABLE ENERGY INCENTIVES AND AUCTIONS: LESSONS FOR ASEAN USAID CLEAN POWER ASIA Contract No.: AID-486-C-16-00001 Prepared by: Abt Associates Inc. Submitted to: U.S. Agency for International Development Regional Development Mission for Asia Submitted on: September 4, 2017 Authors: Dr. Sopitsuda Tongsopit Dr. Wathanyu Amatayakul Phoebe Grace Saculsan Vu Hoang Nghia Chomsiri Tirapornvitoon Rémy Favre Ana Amazo Silvana Tiedemann Angélica Afanador DISCLAIMER The authors’ views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) or the United States government. CONTENTS Acronyms ................................................................................................................................... 8 Acknowledgments.................................................................................................................... 12 Executive Summary .................................................................................................................. 13 Chapter 1: Introduction ........................................................................................................... 18 1.1 USAID Clean Power Asia and RE Incentives and Auctions Study ................................... 18 1.2 RE Situation and Policies in ASEAN ................................................................................ 19 1.3 RE Incentives and Auctions ............................................................................................ 20 1.3.1 Definitions of RE Incentives and Auctions .............................................................. 20 1.3.2 Summary of RE Incentives and Auctions in ASEAN Countries ................................ 22 Chapter 2: Analysis of Feed-in Tariffs ...................................................................................... 32 2.1 Fundamentals of FIT Schemes ....................................................................................... 32 2.2 Implementation of FIT in ASEAN Countries ................................................................... 32 2.3 Fundamentals of FIT schemes in ASEAN countries ........................................................ 34 2.3.1 Rate Setting Principles ............................................................................................ 34 2.3.2 Application Process ................................................................................................. 38 2.3.3 Project Implementation .......................................................................................... 40 2.3.4 Sources of Funding .................................................................................................. 41 2.3.5 Grid Access: Grid Codes and Interconnection Process ........................................... 43 2.4 Summary: Comparative Analysis across Countries ........................................................ 44 Chapter 3: Self-Consumption Schemes ................................................................................... 47 3.1 Fundamentals of Self-Consumption Schemes ............................................................... 47 3.1.1 Self-Consumption Schemes Definition ................................................................... 48 3.1.2 The Effects on Individual Customers and Utilities .................................................. 48 3.1.3 Key Elements of Self-Consumption Schemes ......................................................... 49 3.1.4 Categories of Self-Consumption Supporting Schemes ........................................... 50 3.1.5 Other Important Components of the Self-Consumption Program ......................... 53 3.2 Implementation of Self-Consumption Schemes in ASEAN Countries ............................ 53 3.3 Building Blocks for Self-Consumption Schemes ............................................................ 58 3.3.1 Role and Desired Market Elements ........................................................................ 58 3.3.2 Legal and Institutional Considerations ................................................................... 59 3.3.3 Establish Interconnection Processes, Standards, and Codes ................................. 64 3.3.4 Compensation Mechanisms .................................................................................... 69 3.3.5 Metering Arrangements ......................................................................................... 71 3.3.6 Additional Supports ................................................................................................ 72 3.4 Summary: Comparative Analysis across Countries ........................................................ 73 Chapter 4: Renewable Energy Auctions................................................................................... 74 4.1 Fundamentals of RE Auctions ........................................................................................ 74 4.1.1 Introduction to RE Auctions and Design Elements ................................................. 74 4.1.2 Definition of an Auction .......................................................................................... 74 4.1.3 Goals and Preconditions for an Auction System .................................................... 77 4.1.4 Overview of Auction Design Elements .................................................................... 82 4.1.5 Institutions .............................................................................................................. 90 4.2 Renewable Energy Auctions in ASEAN ........................................................................... 93 4.2.1 Institutions and Regulations ................................................................................... 93 4.2.2 General Design ........................................................................................................ 95 4.2.3 Auction Procedure, Conditions for Participation, Deadline, and Penalties ............ 97 4.2.4 Results of the Auctioning ...................................................................................... 102 4.2.5 Analysis of Implementation Issues ....................................................................... 104 4.2.6 Overall Comparative Analysis of RE Auctions across Countries ........................... 107 Chapter 5: Tax Incentives in ASEAN Countries ...................................................................... 109 5.1. Fundamentals of Tax Incentives ................................................................................. 109 5.1.1 Definitions ............................................................................................................. 109 5.1.2 Objectives of Tax Incentives ................................................................................. 109 5.1.3 Types of Tax Incentives ......................................................................................... 109 5.2. Tax Incentives for Renewable Energy in ASEAN Countries......................................... 110 5.2.1 Descriptions of Tax Incentives in ASEAN Countries .............................................. 110 5.2.1 Analysis and Recommendations ........................................................................... 116 Chapter 6: Soft Loans in ASEAN Countries ............................................................................ 118 6.1. Fundamentals of Soft Loans ........................................................................................ 118 6.2 Soft Loans in ASEAN ..................................................................................................... 119 6.2.1 Institutions and Source of Funding for Soft Loans ................................................ 119 6.2.2 Eligible Technologies and Borrowers .................................................................... 120 6.2.3 Details of Soft Loan Characteristics ...................................................................... 121 6.2.4 Results and Impacts of Soft Loans ........................................................................ 126 6.2.5 Analysis of Implementation Issues ....................................................................... 127 Chapter 7: Other Incentives (Capital Subsidies and Renewable Energy Certificates) ........... 129 7.1 Capital Subsidies .......................................................................................................... 129 7.1.1 Fundamentals and Implementation in ASEAN Countries ..................................... 129 7.2 Tradable Renewable Energy Certificate or Renewable Portfolio Standard Systems .. 130 7.2.1 Fundamentals ....................................................................................................... 130 7.2.2 Implementation in ASEAN Countries .................................................................... 131 Chapter 8: Overall Lessons Learned on RE Incentives and Auctions in ASEAN ..................... 132 8.1 FITs ............................................................................................................................... 132 8.2 Self-Consumption Schemes ........................................................................................