Culture, Ideology and a Social Consensus on Climate Change Andrew J. Hoffman Director, Erb Instute for Global Sustainable Enterprise Holcim (US) Professor of Sustainable Enterprise Ross School of Business/School of Natural Resources & Environment University of Michigan Behavior, Energy and Climate Change November 12, 2102 Divergent Trends Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007) “Human acvi(es…are modifying the concentra(on of atmospheric cons(tuents…that absorb or sca8er radiant energy…[M]ost of the observed warming over the last 50 years is very likely to have been due to the increase in greenhouse gas emissions.” Divergent Trends Academia Brasiliera de Ciências, Brazil Caribbean Academy of Sciences Nigerian Academy of Sciences Academia Chilena de Ciencias, Chile Chinese Academy of Sciences Norwegian Academy of Sciences and LeWers Academia das Ciencias de Lisboa, Portugal Colombian Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences Pakistan Academy of Sciences Croaan Academy of Arts and Sciences PalesTne Academy for Science and Technology Academia de Ciencias de la República Dominicana Cuban Academy of Sciences Polish Academy of Sciences Academia de Ciencias Físicas, Venezuela Delegaon of the Finnish Academies of Science and LeWers Romanian Academy Academia de Ciencias Medicas, Fisicas y Naturales de Guatemala Deutsche Akademie der Naturforsche Leopoldina, Germany Royal Academies for Science and the Arts of Academia Mexicana de Ciencias, Mexico European Academy of Sciences and Arts Belgium Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Bolivia Georgian Academy of Sciences Royal Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences Sciences of Spain Academia Nacional de Ciencias del Peru Indian Naonal Science Academy (India) Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and LeWers Academia Sinica, Taiwan, China Indonesian Academy of Sciences Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium for Sciences Académie des Sciences et TechniQues du Sénégal InterAcademy Council and the Arts Académie des Sciences, France Internaonal Council of Academies of Engineering and Royal Irish Academy Academy Council of the Royal Society of New Zealand Technological Sciences Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Islamic World Academy of Sciences Royal ScienTfic Society of Jordan Academy of Athens, Greece Israel Academy of Sciences and HumaniTes Royal Society of Canada Academy of Science of MozambiQue Kenya Naonal Academy of Sciences Royal Society of New Zealand Academy of Science of South Africa Korean Academy of Science and Technology Royal Society of the United Kingdom Academy of Sciences Malaysia Kosovo Academy of Sciences and Arts Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Academy of Sciences of Moldova Lan American Academy of Sciences Russian Academy of Sciences Latvian Academy of Sciences Science Council of Japan Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Lithuanian Academy of Sciences Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts Academy of Sciences of the Islamic Republic of Iran Matemácas y Naturales de Venezuela Slovak Academy of Sciences Academy of ScienTfic Research and Technology, Egypt MauriTus Academy of Science and Technology Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts Academy of the Royal Society of New Zealand Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts Sudanese Naonal Academy of Science Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Italy Naonal Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences, Tanzania Academy of Sciences ArgenTna Turkish Academy of Sciences African Academy of Sciences Naonal Academy of Sciences, United States TWAS - The academy of sciences for the Albanian Academy of Sciences Naonal Academy of Sciences of Armenia developing world Australian Academy of Science Naonal Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic Uganda Naonal Academy of Sciences Bangladesh Academy of Sciences Naonal Academy of Sciences, Sri Lanka Union of German Academies of Sciences and Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Naonal Research Council, United States HumaniTes Network of African Science Academies Zimbabwe Academy of Sciences Cameroon Academy of Sciences Nicaraguan Academy of Sciences Divergent Trends Academia Brasiliera de Ciências, Brazil Caribbean Academy of Sciences Nigerian Academy of Sciences Academia Chilena de Ciencias, Chile Chinese Academy of Sciences Norwegian Academy of Sciences and LeWers Academia das Ciencias de Lisboa, Portugal Colombian Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences Pakistan Academy of Sciences Croaan Academy of Arts and Sciences PalesTne Academy for Science and Technology Academia de Ciencias de la República Dominicana Cuban Academy of Sciences Polish Academy of Sciences Academia de Ciencias Físicas, Venezuela Delegaon of the Finnish Academies of Science and LeWers Romanian Academy Academia de Ciencias Medicas, Fisicas y Naturales de Guatemala Deutsche Akademie der Naturforsche Leopoldina, Germany Royal Academies for Science and the Arts of Academia Mexicana de Ciencias, Mexico European Academy of Sciences and Arts Belgium Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Bolivia Georgian Academy of Sciences Royal Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences Sciences of Spain Academia Nacional de Ciencias del Peru Indian NaJonal Science Academy (India) Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and LeWers Academia Sinica, Taiwan, China Indonesian Academy of Sciences Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium for Sciences Académie des Sciences et TechniQues du Sénégal InterAcademy Council and the Arts Académie des Sciences, France Internaonal Council of Academies of Engineering and Royal Irish Academy Academy Council of the Royal Society of New Zealand Technological Sciences Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Islamic World Academy of Sciences Royal ScienTfic Society of Jordan Academy of Athens, Greece Israel Academy of Sciences and HumaniTes Royal Society of Canada Academy of Science of MozambiQue Kenya Naonal Academy of Sciences Royal Society of New Zealand Academy of Science of South Africa Korean Academy of Science and Technology Royal Society of the United Kingdom Academy of Sciences Malaysia Kosovo Academy of Sciences and Arts Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Academy of Sciences of Moldova Lan American Academy of Sciences Russian Academy of Sciences Latvian Academy of Sciences Science Council of Japan Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Lithuanian Academy of Sciences Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts Academy of Sciences of the Islamic Republic of Iran Matemácas y Naturales de Venezuela Slovak Academy of Sciences Academy of ScienTfic Research and Technology, Egypt MauriTus Academy of Science and Technology Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts Academy of the Royal Society of New Zealand Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts Sudanese Naonal Academy of Science Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Italy Naonal Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences, Tanzania Academy of Sciences ArgenTna Turkish Academy of Sciences African Academy of Sciences NaJonal Academy of Sciences, United States TWAS - The academy of sciences for the Albanian Academy of Sciences Naonal Academy of Sciences of Armenia developing world Australian Academy of Science Naonal Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic Uganda Naonal Academy of Sciences Bangladesh Academy of Sciences Naonal Academy of Sciences, Sri Lanka Union of German Academies of Sciences and Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Naonal Research Council, United States HumaniTes Network of African Science Academies Zimbabwe Academy of Sciences Cameroon Academy of Sciences Nicaraguan Academy of Sciences Divergent Trends • Farnsworth, S. and S. Lichter (2011) “The structure of scienfic opinion on climate change,” Internaonal Journal of Public Opinion Research, Survey of 489 scienTsts working in academia, government, and industry members of the American Geophysical Union or the American Meteorological Society. Of those surveyed, 97% agreed that that global temperatures have risen over the past century. Moreover, 84% agreed that "human-induced greenhouse warming" is now occurring. Only 5% disagreed with the idea that human acTvity is a significant cause of global warm • Doran, P. and M. Kendall Zimmerman (2009). "Examining the ScienJfic Consensus on Climate Change". EOS 90 (3): 22–23. 3,146 of the 10,257 polled Earth scienTsts. Among all respondents, 90% agreed that temperatures have risen compared to pre-1800 levels, and 82% agreed that humans significantly influence the global temperature. • Bray, D. and H. von Storch (2008). "A Survey of the PerspecJves of Climate ScienJsts Concerning Climate Science and Climate Change" 2,058 climate scienTsts from 34 different countries. "How convinced are you that climate change, whether natural or anthropogenic, is occurring now?" got 93.8% very much agree (67.1%) or to some large extent (26.7%), 6.2% said to some small extent (2–4), none said not at all. QuesTon 21 "How convinced are you that most of recent or near future climate change is, or will be, a result of anthropogenic causes?" received 83.5% very much agree, (34.6%) or agreeing to a large extent (48.9%), 15.1% to a small extent (2–4), and 1.35% not agreeing at all. • Lichter, R. (2008). "Climate ScienJsts Agree on Warming, Disagree on Dangers, and Don't Trust the Media's Coverage of Climate Change". StaJsJcal Assessment Service, George Mason University. 489 randomly selected members of either the American Meteorological Society or the American Geophysical Union. 97% agreed that global temperatures have increased during the past 100 years; 84% say they personally believe human-induced warming is occurring, and 74% agree