Faculty of Environmental Sciences Institute for Cartography Master Thesis Development of an update procedure for authoritative spa- tial data by the combination with crowdsourced information submitted by Nita Maulia born on 24.11.1985 in Demak submitted for the academic degree of Master of Science (M.Sc.) Submission on 10/09/2018 Supervisors Prof. Dr. Lars Bernard TU Dresden Dr. Rob Lemmens University of Twente Dr. Stefan Wiemann TU Dresden Task Specification i Statement of Authorship Herewith I declare that I am the sole author of the thesis named „Development of an update procedure for authoritative spatial data by the combination with crowdsourced information“ which has been submitted to the study commission of geosciences today. I have fully referenced the ideas and work of others, whether published or unpublished. Literal or analogous citations are clearly marked as such. Dresden, 10/09/2018 Signature ii Abstract The demand for up-to-date spatial data is growing very high in this rapidly changing world. Updating the authoritative spatial data is not always associated with the updating of well-es- tablished existing spatial data, but it can be extended into the additional collection of new specific-themed spatial data. Unfortunately, authorities who produce ‘golden standard’ spatial data cannot fill those needs. Considering the merits that VGI can give to fill the gap between demand and supply in authoritative data update, a conceptual framework for authoritative data update using VGI data is proposed. The advantage of the proposed framework is its flexibilities that includes: customizable quality assessment modules; flexible assembly and placement of the quality modules; flexible workflow starting point; and the flexible weighting factor. Based on the framework, three scenarios are made; updating authoritative data with VGI, new theme adoption, and generating thematic information from VGI data. The updating of authoritative data with VGI is implemented to test the feasibility of the framework. The Implementation result shows that the current OSM data cannot surpass the superiority of older RBI data, especially in positional and thematic accuracy. Despite the usability output cannot be used for update, it can be use as the change detection indication that will help authorities to plan the updating pro- cesses effectively. Moreover, the implementation proves that automation of the framework is doable and consequently the update frequency could be improved. Keywords: VGI, Authoritative Data, Quality Assessment, RBI iii Acknowledgement العالمين ر بّ هلل الحمد All praises to Allah the Almighty, for giving me the blessing and strength to finish this thesis. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my thesis supervisors: Prof. Dr. Lars Bernard, Dr. Rob Lemmens, and Dr.-Ing. Stefan Wiemann for their time, generous guidance and encourage- ment. I would like to extend my deepest appreciation to Juliana Cron and all the staff in Cartography Master Programme for the opportunity and helpful guidance during my study. I thank my supportive fellow #CartoSquad16 who makes my last 2 years more colourful and meaningful. Last but not least, I would like to thank my beloved mother, my sister, my brother, and my hunnybear for the encouragements, supports, and continuous pray. Their love is my motivation and energy in completing this study. Dresden, 10th September 2018 iv Contents Task Specification ........................................................................................................................................................ i Statement of Authorship ..........................................................................................................................................ii Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgement .................................................................................................................................................... iv Contents .........................................................................................................................................................................v List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................................ vii List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................................. viii List of Equations ...................................................................................................................................................... viii List of Acronyms .........................................................................................................................................................ix 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Research Objectives ................................................................................................................................ 2 1.2 Research Question .................................................................................................................................. 2 1.3 Research Innovation ............................................................................................................................... 3 1.4 Thesis Contents ........................................................................................................................................ 3 2 Volunteered Geographic Information ....................................................................................................... 4 2.1 VGI and Authoritative Data .................................................................................................................. 4 2.2 VGI Data Repositories ............................................................................................................................ 5 2.3 VGI Data Categorisation ....................................................................................................................... 8 2.3.1 Vector Data ..................................................................................................................................... 12 2.3.2 Textual Data .................................................................................................................................... 15 2.3.3 Media content ............................................................................................................................... 16 3 Spatial Data Quality Assessment .............................................................................................................. 17 3.1 ISO Quality Assessment ...................................................................................................................... 17 3.2 VGI Quality Assessment ...................................................................................................................... 21 3.3 Quality Assessment Modules ............................................................................................................ 23 3.4 VGI Usability ............................................................................................................................................ 26 4 VGI Data Utilisation Framework and Scenarios ................................................................................... 31 v 4.1 Conceptual Design of VGI Data Utilisation.................................................................................. 31 4.1.1 User ................................................................................................................................................... 32 4.1.2 Requirements ................................................................................................................................ 32 4.1.3 Contributor ..................................................................................................................................... 33 4.1.4 VGI data ........................................................................................................................................... 33 4.1.5 Data examiner ............................................................................................................................... 34 4.1.6 Pre-processing .............................................................................................................................. 34 4.1.7 Unqualified data ........................................................................................................................... 34 4.1.8 Quality assessment ...................................................................................................................... 34 4.1.9 Data reference ............................................................................................................................... 35 4.1.10 Confidence index ......................................................................................................................... 36 4.1.11 VGI usability ................................................................................................................................... 36 4.2 Framework Scenarios ..........................................................................................................................