PACIFIC COOPERATIVE STUDIES UNIT UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI`I AT MĀNOA Dr. David C. Duffy, Unit Leader Department of Botany 3190 Maile Way, St. John #408 Honolulu, Hawai’i 96822 Technical Report XXX Coastal Resources, Threats, Inventory, and Mapping of National Parks in Hawai’i: 7. Kalaupapa National Historical Park (KALA), Island of Moloka’i. Month 201_ Larry V. Basch, Ph.D1 1U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Pacific West Region 300 Ala Moana Blvd. Room 6-226, Honolulu, Hawai’i, 96850 Recommended Citation: Basch, L.V. 201_. Coastal Resources, Threats, Inventory and Mapping of National Parks in Hawai’i: 7. Kalaupapa National Historical Park (KALA), Island of Moloka’i. Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit Technical Report ___. University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Department of Botany. Honolulu, HI. __ pp. Key words: Coastal, intertidal, marine, resources, threats, inventory, mapping, algae, invertebrates, fishes Place key words: Hawai‘i, Island of Moloka’i, Kalaupapa National Historical Park (KALA) Acronyms: ALKA Ala Kahakai National Historic Trail CHIS Channel Islands National Park GPS Global Positioning System GIS Geographic Information System HALE Haleakala National Park HAVO Hawai’i Volcanoes National Park I&M Inventory & Monitoring Program NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NPS National Park Service PACN Pacific Island Network PUHE Pu‘ukoholā Heiau National Historic Site PUHO Pu‘uhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park SOP Standard Operating Procedure USGS United States Geological Survey UTM Universal Transverse Mercator i TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................................................... IV LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................................................... V ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................... 2 METHODS .............................................................................................................................................................. 4 SURVEY LOCATION ........................................................................................................................................................... 4 SAFETY AND PLANNING ..................................................................................................................................................... 5 GENERAL FIELD METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................................................................... 6 SEGMENTS ..................................................................................................................................................................... 7 GEOMORPHIC FEATURES ................................................................................................................................................... 7 PHYSICAL FEATURES ......................................................................................................................................................... 9 ANTHROPOGENIC FEATURES ............................................................................................................................................ 12 BIOLOGICAL FEATURES ................................................................................................................................................... 12 DATA MANAGEMENT .................................................................................................................................................... 17 RESULTS ............................................................................................................................................................... 18 GENERAL COASTAL FEATURES .......................................................................................................................................... 18 GEOMORPHOLOGY ........................................................................................................................................................ 19 PHYSICAL FEATURES ....................................................................................................................................................... 28 ANTHROPOGENIC FEATURES ............................................................................................................................................ 32 BIOLOGICAL FEATURES ................................................................................................................................................... 44 DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................................................................... 58 NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL DRIVERS ................................................................................................................................. 60 COASTAL GEOHAZARDS................................................................................................................................................... 62 ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY .......................................................................................................................................... 63 ANTHROPOGENIC STRESSORS, CHANGES OR HISTORICAL IMPACTS ON COASTAL HABITAT AND RESOURCES ....................................... 63 CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE ........................................................................................................................... 65 RECOMMENDATIONS ..................................................................................................................................................... 66 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................................................ 67 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................................................... 68 APPENDIX A: FIELD PROTOCOL FOR COASTAL GEOMORPHOLOGIC, BIOTIC, PHYSICAL & ANTHROPOGENIC FEATURES ............................................................................................................................................................ 72 SEGMENTS ................................................................................................................................................................... 72 GEOMORPHICAL FEATURES.............................................................................................................................................. 75 PHYSICAL FEATURES ....................................................................................................................................................... 76 ANTHROPOGENIC FEATURES ............................................................................................................................................ 76 BIOLOGICAL FEATURES ................................................................................................................................................... 78 OCEANFRONT CLIFF PROTOCOL ........................................................................................................................................ 78 APPENDIX B: FIELD DATA SHEETS FOR GEOLOGICAL, PHYSICAL, ANTHROPOGENIC, AND BIOLOGICAL COASTAL FEATURES. ........................................................................................................................................................... 79 ii APPENDIX C: PACIFIC ISLANDS COASTAL SURVEY PROJECT SAFETY PROTOCOL. .................................................. 84 PURPOSE ..................................................................................................................................................................... 84 GENERAL PREPARATION AND REVIEW ................................................................................................................................ 84 SAFETY POLICIES, REGULATIONS AND REQUIREMENTS ........................................................................................................... 86 FIELD TRIP PREPARATIONS AND EMERGENCY CONTACTS ......................................................................................................... 92 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................................. 97 APPENDIX D. COASTAL INVENTORY DATABASE DOCUMENTATION ..................................................................... 97 APPENDIX E. COASTAL INVENTORY DATABASE USER GUIDE .............................................................................. 118 iii LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1. MODIFIED WENTWORTH SCALE DESCRIBING SUBSTRATE TYPE AND SIZE. .............................................. 8 TABLE 2. COASTAL SUBSTRATE SURFACE COVERAGE CATEGORY DEFINITIONS. ..................................................... 8 TABLE 3. SUBSTRATE ANGULARITY DEFINITIONS. .................................................................................................