Roskilde Universitet efterår 2012 Den Samfundsvidenskabelige Bacheloruddannelse, 3. semester Camilla Grandt, Caroline Elmquist-Clausen, Ditte Reder, Jakob Rud, M. P. Rommedahl, Selina Petersen Indholdsfortegnelse Indholdsfortegnelse ........................................................................................................... 1 Figurliste ........................................................................................................................... 5 1. Problemfelt .................................................................................................................... 6 2. Problemformulering ...................................................................................................... 7 2.1 Uddybning af problemformulering.......................................................................... 7 3. Begrebsafklaring og akronymer .................................................................................... 8 4. Videnskabsteori ............................................................................................................. 9 4.1 Videnskabsteoretiske erkendelsesinteresser ............................................................ 9 4.2 Socialkonstruktivisme som videnskabsteori ......................................................... 10 4.3 Projektets ontologi og epistemologi ...................................................................... 12 5. Metode ........................................................................................................................ 15 5.1 Indgangsvinkel ...................................................................................................... 15 5.2 Valg af teori ........................................................................................................... 15 5.2.1 Medieteori ....................................................................................................... 16 5.2.2 Agenda-setting-teori ....................................................................................... 16 5.2.3 Framing-teori .................................................................................................. 17 5.2.4 Magtteori ......................................................................................................... 17 5.3 Valg af empiri ........................................................................................................ 18 5.3.1 Strategi ved indsamling af førstehåndsempiri ................................................ 19 5.3.2 Metodiske begrænsninger i forhold til empiri ................................................ 21 5.4 Kildekritik ............................................................................................................. 21 5.4.1 Brug af statistik ............................................................................................... 21 5.5 Tværfaglighed ....................................................................................................... 21 6. Teori ............................................................................................................................ 23 Side 1 af 94 Roskilde Universitet efterår 2012 Den Samfundsvidenskabelige Bacheloruddannelse, 3. semester Camilla Grandt, Caroline Elmquist-Clausen, Ditte Reder, Jakob Rud, M. P. Rommedahl, Selina Petersen 6.1 Agenda-setting-teori .............................................................................................. 23 6.1.1 Første niveau af agenda-setting ...................................................................... 24 6.1.2 Andet niveau af agenda-setting....................................................................... 24 6.1.3 Opsummering.................................................................................................. 25 6.2 Framing ................................................................................................................. 25 6.2.1 Ækvivalensbaseret framing............................................................................. 26 6.2.2 Vægtet framing ............................................................................................... 27 6.2.3 Tilgængelighedseffekt .................................................................................... 27 6.2.4 Anvendelighedseffekt ..................................................................................... 28 6.2.5 Framing og agenda-setting-teori ..................................................................... 28 6.2.6 Opsummering.................................................................................................. 29 6.3 Magt ....................................................................................................................... 30 6.3.1 De tre magtdimensioner .................................................................................. 30 6.3.2 Beslutningsarena ............................................................................................. 30 6.3.3 Direkte magt ................................................................................................... 31 6.3.4 Indirekte magt ................................................................................................. 31 6.3.5 Bevidsthedskontrollerende magt..................................................................... 31 6.3.6 Oplevede interesser og virkelige interesser .................................................... 32 6.3.7 Udviklingen af den bevidsthedskontrollerende magt ..................................... 33 6.3.8 Opsummering.................................................................................................. 35 7. Baggrundsviden .......................................................................................................... 36 7.1 Sundhedsreformen ................................................................................................. 36 7.2 Racisme og racesyn blandt amerikanske borgere .................................................. 38 7.3 Fox News ............................................................................................................... 39 7.4 Kritik af Fox News ................................................................................................ 40 8. Analyse ........................................................................................................................ 42 Side 2 af 94 Roskilde Universitet efterår 2012 Den Samfundsvidenskabelige Bacheloruddannelse, 3. semester Camilla Grandt, Caroline Elmquist-Clausen, Ditte Reder, Jakob Rud, M. P. Rommedahl, Selina Petersen 8.1 Agenda-setting-analyse ......................................................................................... 42 8.1.1 Politikere og politiske repræsentanter............................................................. 42 8.1.1.1 Ensidig dækning ...................................................................................... 43 8.1.1.2 Værtens rolle ........................................................................................... 44 8.1.1.3 Selektiv udvælgelse af repræsentanter .................................................... 46 8.1.1.4 Artikler .................................................................................................... 46 8.1.2 Repræsentanter fra sundhedssektoren ............................................................. 46 8.1.2.1 Dominerende egenskaber ........................................................................ 47 8.1.2.2 Tendenser i nyhedsdækningen ................................................................ 49 8.1.2.3 Interviewpersoner .................................................................................... 49 8.1.2.4 Værtens rolle ........................................................................................... 50 8.1.3 Repræsentanter for amerikanske virksomheder .............................................. 51 8.1.3.1 Ensidig dækning ...................................................................................... 52 8.1.3.2 Favorisering i debatter ............................................................................ 53 8.1.3.3 Demokratiske repræsentanter .................................................................. 54 8.1.4 Diverse ............................................................................................................ 55 8.1.4.1 “Sebelius on ObamaCare and the 2012 Election”................................... 56 8.1.4.2 “Is bad news on ObamaCare good political news for Obama?” ............. 57 8.1.4.3 “The president's ObamaCare victory speech - a translation” .................. 58 8.1.4.4 “Doctor seeking Illinois Senate seat offers brutal diagnosis of ObamaCare in viral video”.................................................................................. 58 8.1.4.5 “Doctor loses job for opposing ObamaCare?” ........................................ 59 8.1.4.6 “Most Americans expect ObamaCare to eventually be implemented, poll says” .................................................................................................................... 59 8.1.5 Sammenkobling .............................................................................................. 60 8.1.6 Delkonklusion ................................................................................................. 62 Side 3 af 94 Roskilde Universitet efterår 2012 Den Samfundsvidenskabelige Bacheloruddannelse, 3. semester Camilla Grandt, Caroline Elmquist-Clausen, Ditte Reder, Jakob Rud, M. P. Rommedahl,