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APCJ_Vol_6.1_June 2013.indd 2 8/22/13 3:09:32 PM AFRICA PEACE AND CONFLICT JOURNAL Volume 6 Number 1 June 2013 WOMEN, PEACE, AND SECURITY CONTENTS From the Managing Editor v Articles Engaging (In)security as an Entry Point for 3EEKING 2EDRESS IN 'ENDER )NEQUALITY IN !FRICA Funmi Olonisakin and Cheryl Hendricks 4HE -ULTIPLE $IMENSIONS OF (UMAN 3ECURITY THROUGH THE ,ENS OF !FRICAN &EMINIST )NTELLECTUAL !CTIVISM Desiree Lewis 'ENDERED 3ECURITY "ETWEEN %THNO .ATIONALISM AND #ONSTITUTION -AKING IN +ENYA Awino Okech !ND *USTICE &OR !LL 'ENDER "ASED 6IOLENCE AND International Law in the African Context 43 Barbara Tint and Caroline Sarkis The Influence of Ethiopian Women Parliamentarians on 0OLICY #HANGES AND %NFORCEMENT OF 'ENDER %QUALITY )SSUES Tsion Tadesse Abebe and Elshaday Kifle Woldeyesus 2ECONCEPTUALIZING 7OMENS 2OLE IN 0EACEBUILDING Onyinyechukwu Onyido APCJ_Vol_6.1_June 2013.indd 3 8/22/13 3:09:32 PM iv AFRICA PEACE AND CONFLICT JOURNAL Briefings 'ENDER AND 0EACEBUILDING IN !FRICA 3EEKING #ONCEPTUAL #LARITY Yaliwe Clarke Insights on the Emerging Tensions of Including 7OMEN IN THE -ILITARY ,ESSONS FROM 3OUTH !FRICA Lindy Heinecken Bookshelf Gender, Peace and Security: Women’s Advocacy and Conflict Resolution, BY &REDLINE ! / -#ORMACK (ALE Reviewed by Irene Ndungu Interview /N /WNERSHIP AND 0EACEBUILDING IN !FRICA ! #ONVERSATION WITH !MBASSADOR -ONICA *UMA Interview by Awino Okech APCJ_Vol_6.1_June 2013.indd 4 8/22/13 3:09:33 PM From the Managing Editor The conventional thinking about war and violent conflict in Africa is informed by patriarchal hegemony. The African continent has experienced a sizeable number of conflicts since the late twentieth century and has been at the forefront of gender mainstreaming in peace and security. The African Union, regional economic com- munities and their respective member states, think tanks, nongovernmental organi- ZATIONS .'/S AND WOMEN FOCUSED COMMUNITY BASED ORGANIZATIONS ARE ENGAGED in advocating and adopting strategies for gender mainstreaming in peace and secu- rity mechanisms. In the security sector, there has, indeed, been an increase in the number of women, adoption of gender-sensitive legal and policy frameworks, and gender training, but these are uneven across regions, countries, and security sector institutions. There is widespread disagreement on the fundamental explanation for gendered PEACEBUILDING 4HE 5. 3ECURITY #OUNCIL 2ESOLUTION ON WOMEN PEACE and security ‘expresses the concern that civilians, particularly women and children, account for the vast majority of those adversely affected by armed conflict, including as refugees and internally displaced persons and increasingly are targeted by combat- ants and armed elements and recognizing the consequent impact this has on durable PEACE AND RECONCILIATION /THERS ARGUE THAT THE @SOFTER ASPECTS OF FEMININITY CAN BE brought to bear or inform the more technical dimensions of peacebuilding, but this argument stands the risk of perpetuating stereotypes about gender performance RATHER THAN ACTUALLY DECONSTRUCTING THEM &OR MANY WOMEN VIOLENCE IS THE DAILY CON- dition of their lives, during wartime and peacetime, so our definitions of security need to consider the gendered realities of (in)security. In addition, there does not need to be a compelling reason for gender mainstreaming, as women should be involved sim- ply because they are human beings. In contemporary Africa, the greater political participation of women during con- flict has not translated into sustained engagement of women in post-conflict settings. At the termination of violence and the return to a peaceful environment, women generally seem to be relegated to their traditional roles. The result of this role reversal for the women brings along with it a disintegration of social and economic networks that once had been instruments of survival. This often signals a return of the tensions that resulted in the foregoing violence. The reintroduction of the pre-conflict tradi- tional political, economic, or social order may help explain the systemic and structural IMPEDIMENTS TO WOMENS SUSTAINED PARTICIPATION IN POLITICAL PROCESSES IN POST CONFLICT societies in Africa. #OUNTRIES LIKE THE $EMOCRATIC 2EPUBLIC OF #ONGO $2# WHICH HAS WITNESSED HORRIFIC MASS RAPES REMIND US THAT TO SOME WOMENS BODIES ARE BOTH SOURCES OF PO- LITICAL POSTURING AND EXPRESSIONS OF WARFARE 4HE (UMAN 3ECURITY 2EPORT FOUND that the mainstream narrative of wartime rape that has been perpetuated by the media AND INTERNATIONAL .'/S MAY BE MISLEADING TO THE EXTENT THAT IT NEGLECTS DOMESTIC Africa Peace and Conflict Journal, 6:1 (2013), v–vii. Ú 5NIVERSITY FOR 0EACE !FRICA 0ROGRAMME !LL RIGHTS RESERVED )33. n APCJ_Vol_6.1_June 2013.indd 5 8/22/13 3:09:33 PM vi AFRICA PEACE AND CONFLICT JOURNAL sexual violence, which is as pervasive in conflict environments as is conflict-related sexual violence.1 The mainstream narrative of rape disproportionately concentrates on sexual vio- lence perpetrated by combatants and ignores non-combatant sexual violence often PERPETRATED BY KNOWN ACQUAINTANCES AND INTIMATE PARTNERS 4HE (UMAN 3ECURITY 2EPORT NOTES @!T WARS END THE INCIDENCE OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE IS USUALLY SHARPLY REDUCED BUT IT DOES NOT END2 In post-conflict societies, especially where security sec- tor and disarmament programs have been implemented, it has been found that women continue to experience violence as former combatants often feel powerless and use violence against their children and spouses to exert power.3 4HE CASES OF THE $2# AND POST CONFLICT SOCIETIES LIKE 2WANDA AND ,IBERIA ARE KEY to developing newer security paradigms that consider that the post-conflict stage is a problematic period warranting broader discussion on gendered experiences of con- flict and war as well as the gendered experiences of post-conflict reconstruction. The impact of violent conflict and war on women has been acknowledged at the level of global governance, where several gender mainstreaming agendas have been PROPOSED OFTEN UNANIMOUSLY INCLUDING THROUGH THE "EIJING 0LATFORM FOR !CTION IN THE #OMMISSION FOR THE 3TATUS OF 7OMEN AND 3ECURITY #OUNCIL 2ESOLUTIONS AND 7HILE MULTILAT- eral commitments show an awareness of the gendered experiences of violent conflict and reconstruction, there is, nonetheless, a gap between legislation and implementa- tion. Policies that are workable yet progressive remain largely scattered and elusive as pointed out in the introductory