Monitoring the Birds of the Black Hills: Year 3 Michael L.P. Retter Annual Report February 2004 By: Submitted to: Arvind Panjabi Forest Supervisor Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory Black Hills National Forest 14,500 Lark Bunting Lane 25041 North Hwy 16 Brighton, CO 80603 Custer, SD 57730 Monitoring the Birds of the Black Hills (MBBH): Year 3. Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory, 2004 Recommended citation: Panjabi, A. 2004. Monitoring the birds of the Black Hills: Year 3. Annual Report submitted to Black Hills National Forest. Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory, Brighton, Colorado. 58 pp. Monitoring the Birds of the Black Hills: Year 3. Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory, 2004 Table of Contents Executive Summary ..........................................................................1 Introduction ............................................................................................2 The Habitats ..............................................................................................3 Methods ....................................................................................................6 Field Personnel .........................................................................................6 Site Selection ............................................................................................6 Point Transect Protocol ...........................................................................6 Data Analysis ............................................................................................7 Results .......................................................................................................8 Burn Area ..................................................................................................10 Montane Riparian .....................................................................................11 Ponderosa Pine, northern hills ................................................................13 Ponderosa Pine, southern hills ...............................................................15 White Spruce .............................................................................................17 Species Accounts ...............................................................................19 Northern Goshawk ...................................................................................20 Golden Eagle .............................................................................................21 Prairie Falcon ............................................................................................22 Wild Turkey ...............................................................................................23 White-throated Swift .................................................................................24 Lewis's Woodpecker ................................................................................25 Red-headed Woodpecker .........................................................................26 Red-naped Sapsucker ..............................................................................27 Three-toed Woodpecker ...........................................................................28 Black-backed Woodpecker ......................................................................29 Dusky Flycatcher ......................................................................................30 Cordilleran Flycatcher ..............................................................................31 Plumbeous Vireo ......................................................................................32 Pinyon Jay .................................................................................................33 Brown Creeper ..........................................................................................34 American Dipper .......................................................................................35 Mountain Bluebird ....................................................................................36 Townsend’s Solitaire ................................................................................37 Virginia's Warbler .....................................................................................38 MacGillivray’s Warbler .............................................................................39 Vesper Sparrow ........................................................................................40 Dark-eyed Junco .......................................................................................41 Brown-headed Cowbird ...........................................................................42 Discussion and Recommendations .........................................43 Use of burn areas by woodpeckers .......................................................43 Monitoring post-fire bird communities ..................................................45 Prospects for Population Monitoring ....................................................46 i Monitoring the Birds of the Black Hills (MBBH): Year 3. Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory, 2004 Acknowledgements ...........................................................................47 Literature Cited .....................................................................................48 Appendix A. List of all bird species observed in the Black Hills from 2001-2003, with management designation and species totals . ...........53 ii Monitoring the Birds of the Black Hills (MBBH): Year 3. Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory, 2004 Executive Summary Birds are excellent indicators of biological integrity and environmental change. Thus, monitoring bird populations not only provides data needed to effectively manage birds but also provides a means to monitor the effects of human activities on the ecosystem and to gauge the sustainability of those activities. Because bird communities in a given landscape reflect an integration of a broad array of ecosystem conditions, monitoring entire bird communities at the habitat level offers a cost-effective means for monitoring overall biological integrity at a variety of scales. In 2003, Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory (RMBO), in conjunction with its funding partner, the Black Hills National Forest (BHNF), implemented Year 3 of Monitoring the Birds of the Black Hills (MBBH), as delineated by Panjabi et al. (2001). RMBO has designed this program to provide statistically rigorous long-term trend data for populations of most diurnal, regularly breeding bird species in the Black Hills, including some U.S. Forest Service Region 2 Sensitive Species and BHNF Management Indicator Species (MIS). In the short term, this program provides information needed to effectively manage and conserve bird populations in the Black Hills, including the spatial distribution, abundance, and habitat relations of each species. This cooperative project supports the BHNF’s efforts to comply with requirements set forth in the National Forest Management Act and other statutes and regulations. RMBO reduced the extent of survey effort in 2003 to match funding levels. RMBO staff conducted 152 point transect surveys (2,158 point counts) in five habitats ( ≥ 30 transects/habitat) within the Black Hills (burn area, montane riparian, ponderosa pine- northern hills, ponderosa pine-southern hills, and white spruce). RMBO did not survey five habitats covered in 2002 (aspen, foothill riparian, late-successional ponderosa pine, mixed-grass prairie and pine-juniper woodland). Other changes to the sampling scheme in 2003 included three new sites added in white spruce and two sites dropped from the montane riparian category. RMBO staff recorded a total of 105 breeding bird species on point transects in the five habitats, many of which were observed on only a few occasions. The habitat-stratified point transects provided excellent results (CV of ≤ 50% in at least one habitat) on 52 bird species, including three BHNF MIS and three Region 2 Sensitive Species, and fair results (CV of 51-100% in at least one habitat) on two additional species. These 54 species should be effectively monitored under the current program in at least one of the five habitats surveyed, although in some cases significant portions of their population may occur in other habitats. Four more species, including one additional BHNF MIS, should be adequately monitored across two or more habitat types. The total number of species monitored by MBBH under the current level of implementation represents approximately 44% of the total number of breeding species in the Black Hills (Panjabi 2003a), a 15% decrease in coverage since last year. The ongoing surveys in the Jasper burn area continue to reveal interesting patterns of population response by a wide range of bird species to this dramatic change in habitat. While populations of most woodpecker species appear to have stabilized, they still remain higher in the burn areas than in other habitats. And although populations of some forest birds have declined in the burns, others are maintaining populations, and some have even increased. 1 Monitoring the Birds of the Black Hills: Year 3. Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory, 2004 Introduction Much like the canary in the coalmine, birds are being used as indicators of biological integrity and ecosystem health the world over (Morrison 1986, Croonquist and Brooks 1991, Bureau of Land Management 1998, Hutto 1998, O’Connell et al. 2000, Rich 2002, U.S. EPA 2002, Birdlife International 2003). Because birds comprise a diverse group of niche specialists, occupy