Master thesis in Sustainable Development 2018/20 Examensarbete i Hållbar utveckling Sustainable Urban Mobility: Transportation Solutions for Future Urban Environments ‘ Arturo Martin Vidal DEPARTMENT OF EARTH SCIENCES INSTITUTIONEN FÖR GEOVETENSKAPER Master thesis in Sustainable Development 2018/20 Examensarbete i Hållbar utveckling Sustainable Urban Mobility: Transportation Solutions for Future Urban Environments Arturo Martin Vidal Supervisor: Fredrik Uggla Evaluator: Alizée Lehoux Copyright © Arturo Martin Vidal and the Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University Published at Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University (www.geo.uu.se), Uppsala, 2018 Content 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Aim and research questions ......................................................................................................2 2. Theory .............................................................................................................................................2 3. Method ............................................................................................................................................4 3.1. Limitations ................................................................................................................................4 4. Background ...................................................................................................................................5 5. Results .............................................................................................................................................7 5.1. The current state of the transport system ..................................................................................7 5.2. Conflicting visions, missions and power structures ................................................................11 5.3. The particular circumstances to the transport system in Lima ................................................16 6. Discussion ....................................................................................................................................20 7. Conclusions ..................................................................................................................................23 8. Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................26 9. References..................................................................................................................................... 27 Appendices .........................................................................................................................................30 Appendix A ...........................................................................................................................................30 Appendix B ..........................................................................................................................................33 Appendix C ..........................................................................................................................................37 Appendix D ..........................................................................................................................................40 Appendix E ...........................................................................................................................................45 Appendix F ...........................................................................................................................................49 Appendix G ..........................................................................................................................................53 Sustainable Urban Mobility: Transportation Solutions for Future Urban Environments Case study : Lima, Perú ARTURO MARTIN VIDAL Vidal, A. M., 2018: Sustainable Urban Mobility: Transportation Solutions for Future Urban Environments. Master thesis in Sustainable Development at Uppsala University, No. 2018/20, 59 pp, 30 ECTS/hp Abstract: This is a study of urban mobility, where urban areas are defined as diverse and complex locations with a metabolism composed of multiple components and subsystems. Currently, more than 60% of the world’s population live in urban areas, a number expected to grow significantly. Most cities are unsustainable and often in ecological deficit; cities over- consume or pollute their natural resources, while unequal distribution of resources also occur. Thus, leading to serious economic and social imbalances, something that is possible to appreciate in developing nation-states. With population growth and economic concentration in urban areas, transport policies are forcing governments to seek innovative solutions for shaping and re-shaping existing and future transportation systems. Transport infrastructure related to congestion, accidents, local air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) is a challenge for many major cities in the world. This study covers the political and socio-economical processes with regards to the environmental challenges in the Peruvian transport system. It includes an analysis of the strategies and indicators of good governance by the central, metropolitan and local governments, with the aim of identifying the main drivers and barriers to improving the current transport system in Lima. It is important to highlight that urban mobility is an important component of urban planning and is constituted by the urban transport system, land use, traffic management, inter-modality, accessibility and public space management, among other things. The appropriate approach to urban mobility joins the vision of a city with citizenship (Ministerio de Vivienda 2016). From an Urban Political Ecology (UPE) perspective, one can appreciate that the transport system in Lima seems directly derived from complex social, economic and political relations and where environmental challenges are less vocal (Robbins 2012). And seen from the Entrepreneurial or innovative state and as described by Schumpeter, the role that a state or governments hold is crucial in a well-functioning society in the context of a capitalism society. An efficient government is vital in providing goods and services, rules and institutions for ensuring that the market grows, as well as directing citizens to a more prosperous life. Without such a government, sustainable development in social and economical aspects is impossible. However, the results of this study not only presents several challenges to the structure of the national, regional and local governments in Lima, but also the various dimensions to these challenges that exist. These insights are important to highlight and address, as moving towards an urban transformation that is sustainable and durable will require considerable intervention from governments to achieve substantial reductions in GHG emissions. Keywords: Urban Mobility, Sustainable Development, Local Governance, Transportation, Power Structures Arturo Vidal, Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, SE- 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden Sustainable Urban Mobility: Transportation Solutions for Future Urban Environments Case study : Lima, Perú ARTURO MARTIN VIDAL Vidal, A. M., 2018: Sustainable Urban Mobility: Transportation Solutions for Future Urban Environments. Master thesis in Sustainable Development at Uppsala University, No. 2018/20, 59 pp, 30 ECTS/hp Summary: The is a study of the urban transport system in Lima, Peru. It aims to understand the political and socio-economical processes in the context of environmental challenges that face the Peruvian transport system. In order to do this, the study analyses the different strategies and indicators that exemplify good governance by the central, metropolitan and local governments. It also identifies the drivers and barriers that make up the current situation of the transport system in Lima. The results of this study present serious challenges to improving the current urban mobility transport in Lima, where there is a lack of transparency between central and local governments, the lack of a common vision for the future of the urban planning as well as a lack of clear governance structure between the three layers of governments that exist in current day Lima. However, the study also identifies various opportunities for improvements, such as the formulation of a clear vision of the urban mobility in the capital, adjusting current infrastructure to promote alternative modes of transportation, collaboration and sustainable mobility initiatives between the private and public sector including the academic institutions as well as a more transparent and collaborative management and governance of the current transport system. More than anything, the role of governments and proper governance is critical during an urban transformation towards a more sustainable and durable society. Keywords: Urban Mobility, Sustainable Development, Local Governance, Transportation, Power Structures Arturo Vidal, Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, SE- 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden 1. Introduction According to United Nations (UN), the global population is projected to reach 9.7 billion by 2050, especially in emerging nation-states that combine the major concentrations of poverty and lack of infrastructure, presenting a set of challenges