VOL. 13, NO. 6, MARCH 2018 ISSN 1819-6608 ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences ©2006-2018 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved. www.arpnjournals.com REMOTE SENSING-BASED WATER YIELD ESTIMATION OF THE KELANTAN RIVER BASIN, MALAYSIA Mohd Hilmi Ramli and Ab Latif Ibrahim Department of Remote Sensing, Faculty of Geoinformation and Real Estate, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia E-Mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT The management of water resources in this study refers to the control of catchment water in the state of Kelantan. The quantity of water yield at a given time is important to identify the amount of water in a catchment area. The objective of this study is to obtain the quantities of water in the watershed of Kelantan. This study focuses on identifying 21 new water catchments based on Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model and GIS location of Water Treatment Plant intake. The catchment area features the data relating to each catchment area such as the main river, land lot and area. Subsequently, a simple water balance model was used to obtain the total amount of water in each catchment area in June 2010. This model uses the rainfall and actual evapotranspiration derived from the Tropical Rain Measuring Mission (TRMM 2A25) satellite and the Landsat-5 TM satellite, respectively. The actual evapotranspiration was extracted using the False Color-Composite Model (FCC). This study shows the remote sensing-based water yield model is able to measure the amount of water in June 2010 for 20 catchment areas. Keywords: water yield, Kelantan, landsat-5 TM, TRMM, remote sensing. INTRODUCTION Jabatan Air Negeri Kelantan (JANK), Air Kelantan Sdn Sustainable water resource management is Bhd (AKSB), Department of Drainage and Irrigation defined as “water resource systems designed and managed Malaysia (DID) and Lembaga Kemajuan Pertanian to fully contribute to the objectives of society, now and in Kemubu (KADA) for water resources management. the future, while maintaining their ecological, Besides that, it is also vital for controlling human activities environmental, and hydrological integrity” (Loucks, development within the lack water resources basin areas. 2000). Rapidly increasing of populations combined with un-controllable deforestation, agricultural land expansion, STUDY AREA urbanization and industrialization could lead to critical Kelantan lies between 4o~6oN and 101o~103oE, water shortage issues in the future (Sun et al., 2016). with an area of about 14,922 km2 (Figure-1). It is Therefore, sustainable water resource management should comprises eleven districts, such as Kota Bharu, Pasir Mas, be implemented to secure sufficient water resource for Bachok, Tumpat, Kuala Krai, Tanah Merah, Machang, future generations. Water yield is among the major water Jeli, Gua Musang and Lojing. The Kelantan River flows elements that essential for developing a reliable from south to north into the South China Sea. The average sustainable water resources management. annual precipitation of Kelantan is more than 2500 In the Tenth Malaysia Plan (10MP), Malaysia mm/year (Tan et al., 2016c). The basin is mainly influence government is dedicated to provide an efficient water by the southwest monsoon (SWM) and northeast monsoon supply system for ensuring a high quality lifestyle. (NEM) seasons, where the latter brings heavy precipitation Kelantan, a state in the north-eastern region of Peninsular from October to January. Average annual Malaysia, receives abundant rainfall yearly. However, evapotranspiration rate of the Kelantan state is ranging water-related disasters such as drought and flood are from 1000 to 1600 mm/year. frequently occurs in this region due to high variability of rainfall. For instance, one major drought event has LAND USE DATA occurred in 2014, causing the paddy yield losses of about Three Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) images USD $22 million (Tan et al., 2017a). On the other hand, a were obtained from the United States Geological Survey violent flood in 2004 has caused losses of about USD (USGS) webpage at https://landsat.usgs.gov/landsat-data- $370 million and evacuation of more than 10,000 people access. These images were collected on 2 February 2010 (Tan et al., 2017b). Therefore, a more comprehensive and and 1 June 2010. Geometric and atmospheric corrections systematic water resources management should be were conducted as pre-processing of the satellite images. developed to reduce the water crisis issues in the future. Then, evapotranspiration information was extracted from The main objective of this study is to estimate the Landsat images by using the False Color Composite water yield of the Kelantan River Basin (KRB), Malaysia. (FSS) algorithm. Besides that, Landsat imagery also used Firstly, basin delineation was conducted using the to produce the land use map of the Kelantan state. topography information extracted from the local topography maps. Then, water yield from each basin were RAINFALL DATA estimated by using Geographical Information System Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) is (GIS) and remote sensing technologies. Water yield a joint mission between National Aeronautics and Space information is important to the local authorities such as Administration (NASA) and the Japan Aerospace 2292 VOL. 13, NO. 6, MARCH 2018 ISSN 1819-6608 ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences ©2006-2018 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved. www.arpnjournals.com Exploration Agency (JAXA). The TRMM satellite carried hydrology studies. There is no doubt the model is reliable five main instruments including Precipitation Radar (PR), to be used for basin delineation. There are two approaches TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI), Visible Infrared for basin delineation in SWAT model: (1) Digital Scanner (VIRS), Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) and Elevation Model (DEM) approach and (2) pre-defined Cloud and Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES). The approach where users can define the basin and sub-basins TRMM 2A25 product provides rainfall data in daily scale. manually. We used the DEM-based approach that widely As rainfall is the main input of a hydrological cycle, so the applied in many SWAT studies (e.g. Tan et al., 2014). TRMM 2A25 is used to provide rainfall information of the The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) study area. with an accuracy of ±16m and spatial resolution of 90m is used in this study. It is freely available at METHODOLOGY http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/. The use of spatial elements in the formation of catchment areas has yet to be fully tested but SWAT model will increase the boundary accuracy of the catchment area Basin delineation function in the Soil and Water as the hydrological modelling process will be connected to Assessment Tool (SWAT) model is used to delineate the each other in each sub-basin. The basin delineation is sub-basin areas of the Kelantan River Basin. The SWAT mainly based on the location of the water treatment plant model is a public domain hydrological modl developed to (WTP) in the basin. The intake location at each WTP quantify the impact of land management practices in a provides water resources at key plants in the study area large basin. Gassman et al. (2007) stated that there are and is the main vase for catchment catching. There are 21 more than 250 peer-reviewed SWAT-related articles has intake locations used as the bases for the basin delineation been published, showing the capability of the model in (Table-1). Figure-1. Kelantan. 2293 VOL. 13, NO. 6, MARCH 2018 ISSN 1819-6608 ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences ©2006-2018 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved. www.arpnjournals.com Table-1. Water treatment plants in the study area. No WTP name District Sources Volume of capacity 1 Merbau Chondong WTP Machang Kelantan River 40 MLD 2 Kelar WTP Pasir Mas Kelantan River 64 MLD 3 Wakaf Bunut WTP Pasir Puteh Rasau River 9 MLD 4 Bukit Remah WTP Tanah Merah Kelantan River 28 MLD 5 Kuala Tiga WTP Tanah Merah Kelantan River 1.13 MLD 6 Bendang Nyior WTP Tanah Merah Jegor River 1.70 MLD 7 Batu Gajah WTP Tanah Merah Jedok River 2.30 MLD 8 Jeli WTP Jeli Pergau River 4 MLD 9 Kuala Balah WTP Jeli Terang River 2.3 MLD 10 Ayer Lanas WTP Jeli Lanas River 2.6 MLD 11 Pahi WTP Kuala Krai Lebir River 16 MLD 12 Manik Urai WTP Kuala Krai Lebir River 7 MLD 13 Tualang WTP Kuala Krai Kelantan River 8.69 MLD 14 Stong WTP Kuala Krai Stong River 3.77 MLD 15 Bertam WTP Gua Musang Galas River 0.50 MLD 16 Limau Kasturi WTP Gua Musang Galas River 1.2 MLD 17 Aring WTP Gua Musang Aring River 1.8 MLD 18 Chiku WTP Gua Musang Chiku River 6 MLD 19 Sg Ketil WTP Gua Musang Ketil River 13 MLD 20 Lojing WTP Gua Musang Pelaur River 5 MLD 21 Panggung Lalat WTP Gua Musang Betis River 0.70 MLD Water balance processes the data through the radar atmospheric A simple water balance equation is popularly correction with method Hitschfeld -Bordan and in turn used in the field of remote sensing in producing the value affects the accuracy of the assessment of the precipitation. of water yield. This equation was pioneered by This method is used in the TRMM 2A25 data algorithm Thornthwaite and Mather (1955) through the concept of aimed at obtaining rainfall from atmospheric correction. calculating the balance of water based on climate. They After that, precipitation data from TRMM 2A25 were states that when the rain falls over the water demand then compared to rainfall data from 38 of stations of the moisture content of the soil will increase and the effect Department of Irrigation and Drainage Kelantan will cause an area experiencing excess water when the throughout Kelantan.