Computer-assisted Japanese vocabulary learning: The choice of script in CALL Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Okuyama, Yoshiko Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 28/09/2021 19:58:28 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/284198 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy sut)mitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. 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Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 COMPUTER-ASSISTED JAPANESE VOCABULARY LEARNING: THE CHOICE OF SCRIPT IN CALL by Yoshiko Okuyama Copyright O Yoshiko Okuyama 2000 A Dissertation Sutxnitted to the Faculty of the INTERDISCIPLINARY PH.D. PROGRAM IN SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION AND TEACHING In Partial Fulfillxoent of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR IN PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2 0 0 0 UMI Number 9983874 Copyright 2000 by Okuyama, Yoshiko All rights reserved. UMI ® UMI Microform9983874 Copyright 2000 by Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell Information and Leaming Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA ® GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Yoshiko Okuyama entitled Computer-Assisted Japanese Vocabulary Learning: The Choice of Script in CALL and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Date Robert Ariew x ^ ,, 7 Date Dr. Doug]^s It.^Adamsoi "• , (J Date Dr. Mary Wildner-Bassett ,, ^ y-'fj y Date Dr. Keiko Koda Date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. V/ < Dissertation Director Date Dr. Robert Ariew 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona emd is deposited in the University Libreury to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgement of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this meuiuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. 4 ACKNOWLEOGMEMTS Many people have helped me to complete this dissertation. Although I cannot mention everybody's name here, I'd like to acknowledge the following major contributors. My strongest gratitude goes to Dr. Robert Ariew for his persistent guidance and encouragement as the dissertation chair. Special thanks emd appreciation cure also extended to the rest of my committee. Dr. Douglas Adamson, Dr. Keiko Koda, and Dr. Mary Hildner-Bassett. In addition, I thaxik Dr.Seurah Dinham for her statistical consultation. I would also like to thank several institutions and individuals for their wonderful assistance during my software development emd data collection. First, the University of Arizona Center for Counting and Information Technology (CCIT) allowed me to use its con^uters. Second, Arizona State University and Northern Arizona University kindly permitted me to access students of Japanese at their institutions. Most noteibly, Mrs. Miko Foard (Arizona State University) and Mrs. Noriko Rich (Northern Arizona University) made my data collection possible by helping my negotiation with each school emd asking their students to participate in my research project at their respective locations. Another invalueible contributor is Dr. Naoki Yoshioka, who made audio recordings of memy words and dialogue sentences that appeeured in the CALL material. Last but not least. The Learning Ccxnpemy provided a copy of Leam to Speak Japanese and allowed me to adapt a portion of the software for this research. Needless to say, my family has been very supportive of my dissertation work. I cannot express enough appreciation for their patience emd love. 5 Me ka mahalo piha kaupalena 'ole i na kupuna Hawai'i no lakou mai ke kako'o poina 'ole 'la e ho'oikaika a e kupa'a pono ma hope o neia hana ma na wa 'o'ole'a a ko kupono maila. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE LIST OF FIGURES 9 LIST OF TABLES 9 ABSTRACT CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 17 1.1 Background 17 1.1.1 Historical Trends in L2 Vocabulary Research..18 1.1.2 Growing Si^ificance of Vocabulary 21 1.1.3 Problems with L2 Voc«d>ulary Research 23 1.2 Other Theoretical Considerations 26 1.2.1 Learner-Related Variables 26 1.2.2 The Coo^uter as a Research and Instructional Tool 27 1.3 The Scope of the Current Study 29 1.3.1 Nation's Model 30 1.3.2 A Revised Model for the Current Study 31 1.3.3 Goals of This Study 33 1.4 Conclusion 34 CHAPTER 2; LITERATURE REVIEW 36 2.1 Introduction 36 2.2 Vocabulary Learning 36 2.2.1 Models of Ll Lexical Access 37 2.2.2 Limitations of the Ll lexical models 46 2.2.3 Models of L2 Vocabulary Learning 48 2.2.4 Evaluation of the L2 VoceUsulary Models 71 2.3 Learning of L2 Orthography 75 2.3.1 Different Types of Orthography 75 2.3.2 Japanese Orthography and Its Teaching 78 2.3.4 Importance of L2 Orthographic Reseeurch 81 2.3.4 Findings about Japanese Orthography 85 2.4 Learner-Related Variables 90 2.4.1 Leeumer Backgrounds 90 2.4.2 Leeuming Strategies 93 2.4.3 Other Learner-Related Vari«U>les 101 2.5 Computer-Assisted Language Learning 103 2.5.1 Overview of CALL Development 103 2.5.2 CALL emd L2 Vocabulary Instruction 104 2.5.3 CALL and L2 Reseaurch Methodology 107 2.6 Conclusion 110 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY Ill 3.1 Introduction Ill 3.2 Reseeurch Design Ill 3.3 The Pilot Study 113 3.3.1 Description of the Pilot Study 113 3.3.2 Limitations of the Pilot 115 3.4 Modifications for the New Study 117 3.5 Reseeurch Questions and Hypotheses 118 3.5.1 Research Questions 119 3.5.2 Hypotheses and Key Variables 119 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued 3.6 Research Sites 121 3.6.1 Computer Laboratory at ASU 122 3.6.2 Coo^uter Laboratory at NAU 123 3.7 Selection of Subjects 124 3.7.1 Subject Population 124 3.7.2 Sampling and Assignment Procedures 127 3.7.3 Demographic Cheuracteristics of the Sample...131 3.8 Research J^paratus 133 3.8.1 Type of Hardware 135 3.8.2 Selection of Software: The Original CALL Program 136 3.8.3 Modification of the CALL Program 138 3.9 Instxructional Materials 148 3.9.1 L2 Lessons 148 3.9.2 Vocabuleury Items 150 3.9.3 The Treatment: The Use of Romaji 157 3.10 Assessment Types 159 3.10.1 Preliminary Assessment 159 3.10.2 Posttests 161 3.10.3 The Questionnaire 163 3.11 Experimental Procedures 165 3.11.1 Pre-^xperimental Work: Steps 1-3 167 3.11.2 Experimental Work: Steps 4 and 5 167 3.11.3 Post-experimental Work: Step 6 167 3.12 Summary of the Methodology 168 3.13 Conclusion 169 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS 172 4.1 Introduction 172 4.2 Sample Description (Subject Demographics) 173 4.2.1 School-Based Comparison of Backgrounds 173 4.2.2 Group-Based Coa^)arison of Backgrounds 181 4.2.3 Summary of the Pre-experimental Condition...186 4.3 Research Questions and Hypotheses 186 4.4 Script and Vocabulary Retention 189 4.4.1 Research Question and V2irieU>les 189 4.4.2 Data Descriptions euid Measurement Techniques190 4.4.3 Data Analysis: Statistical Tests 191 4.5 Learner Background euid Vocabuleury Retention 195 4.5.1 Reseeurch Question and Variables 195 4.5.2 Data Descriptions euid Measurement Techniques196 4.5.3 Data Analysis: Statistical Tests 198 4.6 Leeuming Strategies and VoceUsulary Retention 214 4.6.1 Research Question euid Veu'iables 214 4.6.2 Data Descriptions and Measurement Techniques215 4.6.3 Data Analysis: Statistical Tests 217 4.7 Other Results 233 4.7.1 Overall Vocabulary Gain from CALL 233 4.7.2 Responses to Q.