The European Tributary States of the Ottoman Empire in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries The Ottoman Empire and its Heritage Politics, Society and Economy Edited by Suraiya Faroqhi, Halil İnalcık and Boğaç Ergene Advisory Board fikret adanir – antonis anastasopoulos – idris bostan palmira brummett – amnon cohen – jane hathaway klaus kreiser – hans georg majer – ahmet yaşar ocak abdeljelil temimi – gilles veinstein† VOLUME 53 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/oeh The European Tributary States of the Ottoman Empire in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries Edited by Gábor Kármán and Lovro Kunčević LEIDEN • BOSTON 2013 Cover illustration: Portrait of the Ragusan tribute ambassador and nobleman Marojica Caboga, late 17th century, by an anonymous painter. Courtesy of Dubrovački muzeji (Dubrovnik Museums). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The European tributary states of the Ottoman Empire in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries / edited by Gábor Kármán and Lovro Kunčević. pages cm. — (The Ottoman Empire and its heritage, ISSN 1380-6076 ; volume 53) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-24606-5 (hardback : acid-free paper)—ISBN 978-90-04-25440-4 (e-book) 1. Turkey—History—Ottoman Empire, 1288–1918. 2. Europe, Eastern—Relations—Turkey. 3. Turkey—Relations—Europe, Eastern. 4. Europe, Eastern—Politics and government— 16th century. 5. Europe, Eastern—Politics and government—17th century. 6. Turkey—Politics and government—16th century. 7. Turkey—Politics and government—17th century. I. Kármán, Gábor. II. Kunčević, Lovro. DR511.E96 2013 947.0009’031—dc23 2013016824 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 1380-6076 ISBN 978-90-04-24606-5 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-25440-4 (e-book) Copyright 2013 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. CONTENTS Acknowledgments .......................................................................................... ix Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 SECTION ONE THE LEGAL STATUS OF THE OTTOMAN TRIBUTARIES The Legal and Political Status of Wallachia and Moldavia in Relation to the Ottoman Porte .............................................................. 9 Viorel Panaite Sovereignty and Subordination in Crimean-Ottoman Relations (Sixteenth–Eighteenth Centuries) ........................................................ 43 Natalia Królikowska Between Vienna and Constantinople: Notes on the Legal Status of the Principality of Transylvania ....................................................... 67 Teréz Oborni Janus-faced Sovereignty: The International Status of the Ragusan Republic in the Early Modern Period .................................................. 91 Lovro Kunčević Cossack Ukraine In and Out of Ottoman Orbit, 1648–1681 ............... 123 Victor Ostapchuk SECTION TWO THE DIPLOMACY OF THE TRIBUTARY STATES IN THE OTTOMAN SYSTEM Sovereignty and Representation: Tributary States in the Seventeenth-century Diplomatic System of the Ottoman Empire ........................................................................................ 155 Gábor Kármán vi contents Diplomatic Relations between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Dubrovnik ............................................................................. 187 Vesna Miović Enemies Within: Networks of Influence and the Military Revolts against the Ottoman Power (Moldavia and Wallachia, Sixteenth–Seventeenth Centuries) ....................................................... 209 Radu G. Păun SECTION THREE MILITARY COOPERATION BETWEEN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND ITS TRIBUTARIES The Friend of My Friend and the Enemy of My Enemy: Romanian Participation in Ottoman Campaigns ................................................. 253 Ovidiu Cristea The Military Co-operation of the Crimean Khanate with the Ottoman Empire in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries .... 275 Mária Ivanics ‘Splendid Isolation’? The Military Cooperation of the Principality of Transylvania with the Ottoman Empire (1571–1688) in the Mirror of the Hungarian Historiography’s Dilemmas .................... 301 János B. Szabó The Defensive System of the Ragusan Republic (c. 1580–1620) ....... 341 Domagoj Madunić SECTION FOUR INSTEAD OF A CONCLUSION: ON THE “COMPOSITENESS” OF THE EMPIRE The System of Autonomous Muslim and Christian Communities, Churches, and States in the Ottoman Empire .................................. 375 Sándor Papp contents vii What is Inside and What is Outside? Tributary States in Ottoman Politics ........................................................................................................... 421 Dariusz Kołodziejczyk Notes on Contributors ................................................................................... 433 Personal Names ............................................................................................... 439 Place Names ..................................................................................................... 446 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS In the making of this book we have incurred many debts and it is a great pleasure to renew our thanks here. In the first place, we are deeply grate- ful to Robert Born and Nenad Vekarić, who provided unwavering sup- port from the two institutions under whose auspices the conference was organized, the project group “Ottoman Orient and East Central Europe” at Geisteswissenschaftliches Zentrum Geschichte und Kultur Ostmittel­ europas an der Universität Leipzig and Zavod za povijesne znanosti HAZU u Dubrovniku. We also owe our warmest thanks to Judith Rasson, Arnold Ross, Katalin Stráner and Valerie Joy Turner for their painstaking work on the linguistic proof-reading of this sizeable volume. Moreover, we are indebted to Gáspár Katkó and Nedim Zahirović whose expertise in Orien- tal languages helped to resolve a number of philological dilemmas. Timo Stingl, who made the maps for the volume, also has our gratitude for his fine work. Finally, we owe our warmest thanks to the series editors and the volume’s reviewers, from whom we received invaluable comments which helped improve the book. The editors Dubrovnik / Leipzig 15 December 2012 INTRODUCTION It is a well-known fact that the expansion of the Ottoman Empire pro- ceeded through various phases of power relations between the states and peoples of the invaded lands and the empire itself. Tributary states, such as the Bulgarian tsardoms of Trnovo and Vidin, Serbia, or many of the Aegean Islands were, in the course of renewed attempts to enlarge the territory under the sultan’s rule, incorporated into the empire. By the sec- ond half of the sixteenth century, however, a more or less stable system of tributary states was formed, which, despite the ever-changing scale of imperial influence, remained largely constant. The acknowledgment of the Ottoman overlords was a fundamental element of the policies of the rulers of Crimea, Moldavia, Ragusa, Transylvania, and Wallachia during the early modern period. In other entities, such as Cossack Ukraine, or Northern Hungary, the Ottoman tributary position was a short-lived expe- rience, which is, nevertheless, worthy of attention. The status of Ottoman tributary states has, until recently, all but escaped the attention of researchers of the Ottoman Empire and has mainly been treated in the context of national historiographies. Croatian, Italian, Hungarian, Romanian, and Transylvanian German historians have dedicated numerous studies to the contacts between the Ottoman Empire and the country to which they declared allegiance. It is hardly surprising that in spite of the growing number of recent publications on the Crimea, it remains the European tributary that attracts the least scholarly inter- est, as no nineteenth- or twentieth-century nation state has claimed the legacy of the khanate as its own. National historiographies reveal many important details in the history of these states; however, their focus on single states as closed units tends to distort the interpretative process. Seeing the single case as unique—or applying only a rather coarse defi- nition of the other states being in a “better” or “worse” situation—often results in misinterpretations of Ottoman attitudes and local responses, the nature and causes of the connection. In recent decades, the most important development of historical schol- arship that had its impact on the histories of the Ottoman tributary states was the re-assessment of the history of the empire itself, with an emphasis on its composite state character, a re-evaluation of