Memoirs of the Queensland Museum | Culture Volume 8 Part 2 Goemulgaw Lagal: Cultural and Natural Histories of the Island of Mabuyag, Torres Strait Edited by Ian J. McNiven and Garrick Hitchcock Minister: Annastacia Palaszczuk MP, Premier and Minister for the Arts CEO: Suzanne Miller, BSc(Hons), PhD, FGS, FMinSoc, FAIMM, FGSA , FRSSA Editor in Chief: J.N.A. Hooper, PhD Editors: Ian J. McNiven, PhD FSA FAHA and Garrick Hitchcock, PhD FLS FRGS Issue Editor: Geraldine Mate, PhD PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE BOARD 2015 © Queensland Museum PO Box 3300, South Brisbane 4101, Australia Phone: +61 (0) 7 3840 7555 Fax: +61 (0) 7 3846 1226 Web: qm.qld.gov.au National Library of Australia card number ISSN 1440-4788 VOLUME 8 IS COMPLETE IN 2 PARTS COVER Image on book cover: Pearlshelling station at Panay, Mabuyag, 1890s. Photographer unknown (Cambridge University Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology: N23274.ACH2). NOTE Papers published in this volume and in all previous volumes of the Memoirs of the Queensland Museum may be reproduced for scientific research, individual study or other educational purposes. Properly acknowledged quotations may be made but queries regarding the republication of any papers should be addressed to the CEO. Copies of the journal can be purchased from the Queensland Museum Shop. A Guide to Authors is displayed on the Queensland Museum website qm.qld.gov.au A Queensland Government Project Design and Layout: Tanya Edbrooke, Queensland Museum Printed by Watson, Ferguson & Company Midden formation and marine specialisation at Goemu village, Mabuyag, Torres Strait, before and after European contact Ian J. MCNIVEN, Duncan WRIGHT, Shannon SUTTON, Marshall WEISLER, Scott HOCKNULL and John STANISIC McNiven, I.J., Wright, D., Sutton, S., Weisler, M., Hocknull, S. and Stanisic, J. 2015. Midden formation and marine specialisation at Goemu village, Mabuyag, Torres Strait, before and after European contact. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum – Culture 8(2):377-475. Brisbane. ISSN 1440-4788. Goemu village site on Mabuyag features one of the largest midden deposits recorded in Torres Strait. Following pioneering mapping and excavations of the site by archaeologists from University College London (UCL) in 1985, we document in detail results of follow-up excavations undertaken at two linear mounded midden deposits by archaeologists from Monash University in 2005. Comprehensive radiocarbon dating indicates Square A mound formed c.350-450 cal BP while Square B mound formed c.950- 1,000 cal BP. Both mounds reveal a subsistence focus on dugong and turtle hunting supplemented by fishing and shellfishing from adjacent intertidal reef flats and mangrove forests. Lower densities of dugong bone in Square A probably reflect concomitant deposition of dugong bones in specialised ritual bone mounds. Inclusion of dog teeth, teeth extracted from children post-mortem and high density surface concentrations of bottle glass fragments in Square B indicate ritualised deposition before and after European contact. Other material culture includes pearl shell scrapers and ground clam shell adornments. Charcoal underlying midden deposits suggests pre-village landscape firing while land snails within midden deposits suggest shade trees once occurred across the now fire-induced, anthropogenic grasslands of Goemu. Intensified use of Goemu within the past 500 years parallels intensified village occupation on nearby Pulu islet, thus revealing the complementary social history of settlement sites across Goemulgaw territory. village, midden mounds, marine specialisation, Mabuyag, Mabuiag, Torres Strait Memoirs of the Queensland Museum | Culture 8 (1) 2015 | 377 McNiven, Wright, Sutton, Weisler, Hocknull and Stanisic Ian J. McNiven Monash Indigenous Centre Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia [email protected] Duncan Wright ANU College of Arts and Social Sciences The Australian National University, Acton ACT 2601, Australia [email protected] Shannon Sutton 3 McKinnon Street, Nowra, New South Wales 2541, Australia [email protected] Marshall Weisler School of Social Science The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia [email protected] Scott Hocknull and John Stanisic Queensland Museum South Brisbane, Australia [email protected], [email protected] 378 | Memoirs of the Queensland Museum | Culture 8(2) 2015 Midden formation and marine specialisation at Goemu village, Mabuyag, Torres Strait The long-term history and development years, the emphasis of midden research has of Indigenous societies along the moved northwards to the tropical islands of Queensland coast has attracted considerable Torres Strait and a focus on the development archaeological attention over the past 30 of highly-specialised maritime societies over years (Hiscock, 2008; Lourandos, 1997; a period of at least 7,000 years (e.g. Ash & McNiven & Hall, 1999). The mainstay of this David, 2008; Carter, 2004; Carter et al., 2004; research is midden deposits dominated by Crouch et al., 2007; David & Weisler, 2006; marine shells and supplemented by animal David et al., 2008; Ghaleb, 1990; McNiven, bones and stone artefacts. During the 1970s, 2006b; McNiven et al., 2008; Richardson, 1980s and 1990s, the focus of this research 2000; Wright, 2011). In this paper, we was subtropical southeast Queensland and attempt to further understand the complex the development of mixed coastal-terrestrial and specialised marine focus of Torres Strait economies of the past 6,000 years and Islanders by documenting in detail the results intensified coastal occupation during the of excavations undertaken at Goemu village past 1,000 years (e.g. Hall, 1982; McNiven, midden site on Mabuyag island, central 1999, 2006a; Morwood, 1987; Ulm, 2006; Ulm western Torres Strait (Figure 1). We provide & Hall, 1996; Walters, 1989). Over the past 15 one of the most comprehensive analyses of FIG. 1. Map of Mabuyag (Source: Schlenker mapping, Matthew Coller and Duncan Wright). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum | Culture 8 (2) 2015 | 379 McNiven, Wright, Sutton, Weisler, Hocknull and Stanisic midden deposits for a coastal archaeological and Panay on the northeast coast are the site in Queensland and reveal rare insights centre of the dhangal (dugong) and koedal into continuities and changes in ritual and (crocodile) clans and dugong hunting rituals, secular dimensions of midden formation Goemu was the focus of turtle hunting rituals before and after contact with Europeans. (Haddon, 1904: 183, 333, 1912: 217, 1935: 59) but also hosted mortuary ceremonies (Haddon, 1904: 253, 1912: 289), war dances GOEMU VILLAGE (Haddon, 1904: 301) and the preparation of heads following headhunting raids ETHNOGRAPHIC CONTEXT (Haddon, 1904: 75, 301, 313-314). Goemu was also the place where the culture warrior hero Goemu is one of the major ‘old village’ sites Kuyam (Kwoiam) once lived (Haddon, 1904: of Mabuyag (Figures 1-7). At the time of early 2, 67, 80, 1935: 58, 381). Apart from houses, European contact in the 1870s, the Goemulgal structures at Goemu once included a skull- (people of Mabuyag) had a population of at house (kuiku-iut), ceremonial kod (special least 300 people (Mullins, 1992). The island men’s area) and the wiwai turtle hunting and adjacent seas are divided into four major shrine (Haddon, 1904: 3, 54, 214, 306-307, totemic districts and Goemu is the settlement 333-336, 1935: 59). focus of the southeast district and the kaigas It is likely that Goemu was still occupied (shovel-nosed shark), waru (turtle) and umai in 1870 as during this year a battle took (dog) totemic clans (Haddon, 1904: 164, 266, place between the people of Mua and the 1935: 56; Davis and Prescott, 1992; Eseli, people of Badu and Mabuyag (including 1998). Whereas the settlements of Dabangay warriors from Goemu) (see Haddon, 1904: FIG. 2. Goemu looking northeast, 1996 (Photo: Ian J. McNiven). 380 | Memoirs of the Queensland Museum | Culture 8(2) 2015 Midden formation and marine specialisation at Goemu village, Mabuyag, Torres Strait FIG. 3. Goemu (centre) showing fringing coral reef and mangrove forest to the south, looking north, June 2008 (Photo: Ian J. McNiven). FIG. 4. Panoramic view of east coast of Mabuyag taken from Kuyam’s lookout (hill above Goemu), looking northeast, 1898. Although the quality of the negative is poor, the locations of the three major old village sites of eastern Mabuyag are visible: Bau (north), Mui (middle) and Goemu (south). Buildings are evident at Bau but no buildings are discernable at either Mui or Goemu. Photography by Alfred Haddon (CUMAA: N.23031.ACH2). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum | Culture 8 (2) 2015 | 381 McNiven, Wright, Sutton, Weisler, Hocknull and Stanisic 314-315; Shnukal, 2008). With the arrival of shrine at Goemu in 1898 (see Harris & Ghaleb Christian missionaries on Mabuyag in 1872 Kirby, this volume) shows considerable (see Shnukal, this volume), use of Goemu vegetation overgrowth which is consistent decreased dramatically with Alfred Haddon with an absence of occupation. Archaeological making no mention of occupation of the village evidence (see below) demonstrates selected during his visits in 1888 and 1898. Furthermore, continuities in ceremonial and occupational Haddon’s photograph of the wiwai turtle use of Goemu after 1872. FIG. 5. General view of southern half of Goemu, FIG. 6. General view of northern half of Goemu, looking northeast, December 2005. Square B looking northeast, December 2005. Square A with excavations in progress in centre