Lips and labial mucosa External portion of the lips: the vermilion border and the skin Vermilion border : the exposed red portion of the lip, covered by mucous membrane, no mucous glands Boundary: the moist labial mucosa in the mouth and the mucocutaneous junction on the skin Skin around the mouth: Lateral labial sulcus: begins at the ala of the nose and progresses downward and outward Mesial labial sulcus: begins at the corners of the mouth(commisures) and runs parallel to the lateral labial sulcus Mental labial sulcus: runs parallel to the mucoucutaneous junction of the lower lip Philtrum: a depression that divides the upper lip into right and left halves Upper and lower labial frenum: at the midline of the upper and lower lip Fibroepithelial polyp: small tag of tissue of the upper labial frenum Buccal mucosa Lining of the cheek Parotid papilla: near the second maxillary molar tooth on the buccal mucosa (opening of the stensen’ duct) Linea alba: hyperkeratotic line corresponding to the line of occlusion of the teeth Caliculus angularis: a small palpable nodule at the anterior termination of the linea alba Pterygomandibular raphe: a fold of tissue at the posterior boundary of the buccal mucosa Buccal frenum: attaches the buccal mucosa to both the maxilla and mandible at approximately the level of the premolar teeth Fordyce‘s granules: clusters of small, yellow nodules of ectopic sebaceous glands Leukoedema: wrinkled, whitish, opalescent appearance Mucogingival junction: junction of the attached gingiva and labial and buccal mucosa Hard palate Incisive papilla: anterior termination of the palatine raphe, in the midline just posterior to the maxillary central incisor teeth Palatine rugae: just behind the incisive papilla Palatine raphe: whitish band of tissue in the midline of the palate from the incisive papilla to the uvula Vibrating line or ahh line: the junction of the hard and soft palate Foveae palatinae: just anterior the vibrating line, on either side of the palatine raphe Soft palate: separates the mouth from the nose Uvula: posterior border of the soft palate in the midline Tonsillar fossae: the most anterior part of the lateral walls of the oropharynx Anterior pillar: anterior wall of the Tonsillar fossae (palatoglossus muscle) Posterior pillar: posterior wall of the Tonsillar fossae (palatopharyngeal muscle) Palatine tonsil: the space between these two pillars Nasopharynx: Anteriorly: choanae Posteriorly: pharyngeal wall Superiorly: first two cervical vertebrae Inferiorly: soft palate Waldeyer’s ring: The pharyngeal tonsils of the nasopharynx The palatine tonsils of the oropharynx The lingual tonsils of the tongue Tongue Dorsum of the tongue: 4 types lingual papillae Filiform papillae: the most, small, whitish hairlike projections Fungiform papillae: the second most, Mushroom-shaped, scattered among the filiform papillae, at the lateral border and the tip of the tongue Circumvallate papillae: posteriorly on the dorsum of the tongue Foliate papillae: on the posterolateral borders of the tongue, leaflike projections Median sulcus: a depression of the midline of the tongue Terminal sulcus: posterior end of the median sulcus Foramen cecum: a depression at the apex of the terminal sulcus Lingual tonsils: on the root of the tongue, posterior to the terminal sulcus Lingual frenum: on the ventral surface of the tongue and attaches to the genial tubercles of the mandible Plica fimbriata: a small line of tissue projection, on either side of the frenum Floor of the mouth Sublingual caruncles: two small projections on either side of the frenum, sites of openings of warton’s duct Sublingual fold: elevations running posteriorly from the caruncles Muscles of mastication: Temporalis, masseter, medial and lateral pterygoid Tepmoralis: Origin: fossa of the temporal bone Insertion: coronoid process and anterior border of the ramus Masseter Origin: lower portion of the zygomatic arch Insertion: lateral surfaces of the angle and coronoid process Medial pterygoid Origin: medial side of the lateral pterygoid plate and tuberosity of the maxilla Insertion: lower medial surface of the ramus Lateral pterygoid Origin: greater wing of the sphenoid bone and lateral surface of the pterygoid plate Insertion: neck of the condyle and the articular disc of the TMJ .