Appendix: Prominent Cherokees Attakullakulla (the Little Carpenter). Leading Cherokee diplomat and right-hand man to Connecorte. Remarkable for his consistent support for an accommodation with the British. Rival of Occonostota, who competed with him for supremacy at Tomotly. Connecorte (Old Hop). The lame Fire King (Uku) of Chota, nominal leader of the Cherokees. He died in early 1760. Kanagatucko (Standing Turkey). Connecorte’s successor. Associated with, and apparently influenced by, Occonostota and Ostenaca. Occonostota (the Great Warrior). The Great Warrior, or titular war leader of the Cherokee nation. He was also the Warrior of Chota. In favour of peace until his humiliating arrest by Lyttelton in 1759. Thereafter he was the most important of the war faction, and tried to build an alliance with the French. In 1760 he organized Coytmore’s death. He gave way to the Carpenter in the peace talks of 1761, but was probably consulted during the negotiations. Ostenaca (Outacité, or Mankiller, of Tomotly). Also known as Judd’s Friend or Judge’s Friend. Attakullakulla’s rival. Specialized in building relations with Virginia until the Cherokee war, and took the lead in rebuilding them afterwards. Frightened into hostility by Lyttelton’s treatment of the peace delegations in 1759, but on the whole favoured peace. Visited London with two companions in 1762. Round O. Warrior of Stecoe and most important leader in the Out Towns. In favour of peace. Led a peace delegation which, with Occonostota’s, was arrested by Lyttelton in 1759. Seroweh (the Young Warrior of Estatoe). The most implacable of the war leaders, and the junior war leader of Estatoe. Seroweh was the last important Cherokee leader to accept the peace of 1761. 208 Appendix 209 Tistoe. Headman of Keowee. Worked hard for peace until driven into hostility by the actions of Coytmore, Miln and Lyttelton. Returned to rebuild Keowee in 1761. Willinawaw. Attakullakulla’s brother and closest supporter. Wawatchee (Ohatchie). Lower Towns headman, frightened by the advance of the South Carolina settlers. Appealed to Ellis to persuade Lyttelton to enforce the Long Canes boundary. In 1761 argued that Long Canes must remain the limit of settlement, though not of white hunting. Notes The following abbreviations are used in the notes: BL Add. MS British Library Additional Manuscript CO Colonial Office documents in the Public Record Office, Kew, London DRIA McDowell, William L. (ed.), Colonial Records of South Carolina. Series 2. Documents Relating to Indian Affairs 1754–1765. University of South Carolina Press for the South Carolina Department of Archives and History, Columbia, 1970. GD Gifts and Deposits: document class at the NRA(S) NRA(S) National Register of Archives (Scotland) PRO A document class at the Public Record Office, Kew WO War Office documents in the Public Record Office Chapter 1 Long Canes Creek: Anglo-Cherokee Relations to 1756 1. The numbers and locations of these towns were subject to fluctuation. See Betty Anderson Smith, ‘The Distribution of Eighteenth Century Cherokee Settlements’, in Duane H. King (ed.), The Cherokee Indian Nation: A Troubled History (University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, 1979) 46–60. 2. Timothy Silver, A New Face on the Countryside: Indians, Colonists and Slaves in the South Atlantic Forests 1500–1800 (Cambridge University Press, New York and Cambridge, 1990) 82; James Adair, The History of the American Indians, Particularly Those Nations adjoining to the Mississippi, East and West Florida, Georgia, South and North Carolina, and Virginia … (Edward and Charles Dilly, London, 1775) 227; Fred Gearing, Priests and Warriors: Social Structures for Cherokee Politics in the Eighteenth Century (American Anthropological Association, vol. 64, no. 5, pt 2, October 1962, Memoir 93) 113n. The most recent work of Cherokee demography suggests that 20 000 may be too high a figure. Russell Thornton, The Cherokees: A Population History (University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln and London, 1991) 17–23. 3. R. C. Simmons, The American Colonies From Settlement to Independence (Longman, London, 1976) 177. 4. James Glen, governor of South Carolina, to the Duke of Newcastle, Secretary of State for the Southern Department, 3 February 1747, CO 5/389, f. 42; David H. Corkran, The Cherokee Frontier: Conflict and Survival 1740–1762 (University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1962); J. R. Alden, John Stuart and the Southern Colonial Frontier (University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 1944) 210 Notes 211 8–9; Chapman J. Milling, Red Carolinians (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1940), 280; T. R. Reese. Colonial Georgia: A Study of British Imperial Policy in the Eighteenth Century (University of Georgia Press, 1963) 106; Thornton, The Cherokees, 28–30. 5. Alden, John Stuart, 8–12; Silver, A New Face on the Countryside, 82–3; Wilbur R. Jacobs, Dispossessing the American Indian: Indians and Whites on the Colonial Frontier (University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1985) 80n; Reese, Colonial Georgia, 106–7. James H. Merrell, The Indians’ New World: Catawbas and Their Neighbours from European Contact Through the Era of Removal (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill and London, for the Institute of Early American History and Culture, Williamsburg, Virginia, 1989) 193–5. 6. Simmons, American Colonies, 177. 7. Ibid. 8. Ibid. 9. Dorothy V. Jones, License for Empire: Colonialism by Treaty in Early America (University of Chicago Press, 1982) 39; Thornton, The Cherokees, 10, 23ff. 10. M. Eugene Sirmans, Colonial South Carolina: A Political History 1663–1763 (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, for the Institute of Early American History and Culture, 1966) 57; Alden, John Stuart, 8–9; John Phillip Reid, A Better Kind of Hatchet: Law, Trade and Diplomacy in the Early Years of European Contact (State University Press of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania and London, 1979) 2–3. 11. P. M. Hamer, ‘Anglo-French Rivalry in the Cherokee Country 1754–1757’, North Carolina Historical Review, vol. II, no. 3 (July 1925) 303–22. 12. Cherokee belonged to the Macro-Siouan language group, of which Iroquoian was a subdivision. The Creeks, Chickasaws and Choctaws spoke Muskogean languages, while the Shawnees and the vanished nations of the Powhatan confederation used Algonquian tongues, both of which belonged to the Macro-Algonquian group. W. Stitt Robinson, The Southern Colonial Frontier 1607–1763 (Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, 1979), 2–3. Of the Cherokees’ neighbours only the Catawbas spoke Macro- Siouan languages, and these were Siouan rather than Iroquoian. Merrell, Indians’ New World, 9–10. 13. Despite the linguistic relationship to the Iroquois, many modern scholars prefer a local emergence explanation of Cherokee origins over the migra- tion theory. Thornton, The Cherokees, 17–23. 14. Gearing, Priests and Warriors, 5. 15. Gearing, Priests and Warriors, 1–3; Reid, A Better Kind of Hatchet, 4; Henry Timberlake, The Memoirs of Lieutenant Henry Timberlake (London, 1765) 32 [59]. Page numbers in [brackets] refer to the 1927 Watuga Press reprint edition, edited by Samuel Cole Williams. Corkran, Cherokee Frontier, 4–5, has a vivid description of Cherokee buildings. 16. Gearing, Priests and Warriors, 18. It has been suggested that ‘Slave Catcher’ became an increasingly common title after 1730, as the Cherokees fulfilled their obligation to capture and return runaway black slaves. R. Halliburton, Red Over Black: Black Slavery Amongst the Cherokee Indians (Greenward Press, Westport, Connecticut, and London, 1977) 8. 212 Notes 17. Gearing, Priests and Warriors, 47; Tom Hatley, The Dividing Paths; The Cherokees and South Carolina Through the Era of Revolution (Oxford University Press, New York, 1993) 102. 18. John Phillip Reid, ‘A Perilous Rule: The Law of International Homicide’, in King (ed.), The Cherokee Indian Nation, 33–41. 19. Ibid., Gearing, Priests and Warriors, 87–8. 20. CO 5/4, ff. 211–14. Alexander Hewatt, An Historical Account of the Rise and Progress of the Colonies of South Carolina and Georgia, vol. II (London, 1779). 3–11; Sirmans, South Carolina; Verner W. Crane, The Southern Frontier 276–80, 295–9. 21. South Carolina itself did not formally recognize the treaty until 1738. Corkran, Cherokee Frontier, 15–16. 22. Gearing, Priests and Warriors, 86-88 Corkran, Cherokee Frontier, 17–21; David H. Corkran, ‘The unpleasantness at Stecoe’, North Carolina Historical Review, vol. 32 (1955) 358–75. 23. Gearing, Priests and Warriors, 88–94; Corkran, Cherokee Frontier 18–19; Alden, John Stuart, 32. 24. Gearing, Priests and Warriors, 96–7. 25. Robinson, Southern Colonial Frontier, 194–5. 26. Lieutenant-Governor William Bull to the Duke of Newcastle, 11 February 1740, CO 5/388, ff. 103–4. 27. J. R. Jones, Britain and the World 1649–1815 (Fontana, London, 1980) 201–2. 28. Howard H. Peckham, The Colonial Wars 1689–1762 (University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1964) 89–95. 29. Glen to Newcastle, Saturday 2 May 1746 (duplicate), CO 5?388, ff. 158–9. 30. Ibid. 31. Glen to Newcastle, 24 July 1746, CO 5/288. 32. Alden, John Stuart, 34–5. 33. Copy of a letter from Glen to Vaudreuille, enclosed in Glen to Bedford, 23 December 1749, ibid., 146–7. 34. Glen to Bedford, 2 October 1750, CO 5/389, 208–9. 35. Grant, when governor of East Florida from 1763, built up an indigo plan- tation with over 40 slaves whom he had sold in Charleston for cash when that colony was regained by Spain. Paul David Nelson, General James Grant: Scottish Soldier and Royal Governor of East Florida (University Press of Florida, Gainesville, 1993) 66, 147. 36. Alden, John Stuart, 36. 37. Ibid., 37 38. William De Brahm to William Henry Lyttelton, Keowee, 25 August 1756, Lyttelton Papers, microfilm Reel 1, Clements Library. 39. Alden, John Stuart, 45; Sirmans, South Carolina, 296–300. 40. Ibid., 299–300. 41. Alden, John Stuart, 45. 42. Ibid., 45–6; Corkran, Cherokee Frontier, 59; South Carolina Gazette, 24–31 July 1755.