Beyond the Nation State Also by David Hanley CHRISTIAN DEMOCRACY IN EUROPE: A Comparative Perspective CONTEMPORARY FRANCE (with A. P. Kerr and N. H. Waites) KEEPING LEFT? CERES and the French Socialist Party PARTY, SOCIETY, GOVERNMENT: Republican Democracy in France SOCIAL-DÉMOCRATIE ET DÉFENSE (co-editor with H. Portelli) SPANISH POLITICAL PARTIES (co-editor with J. Louglin) Beyond the Nation State Parties in the Era of European Integration David Hanley Professor of European Studies Cardiff University, UK © David Hanley 2008 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2008 978-1-4039-0795-0 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2008 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-51042-9 ISBN 978-0-230-59356-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230593565 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hanley, D. L. (David L.), 1944 Beyond the nation state:parties in the era of European integration/ David Hanley p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4039-0795-0 (alk. paper) 1. Political parties“European Union countries. 2. European federation. 3. European Union countries“Politics and government. I. Title JN50.H36 2007 324.2094“dc22 2007039402 10987654321 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 For Graeme, in thanks for many years’ friendship. This page intentionally left blank Contents List of Tables viii Acknowledgements ix List of Acronyms x Introduction: Parties and Transnationalism 1 1 Parties, Nation States and Beyond: Some General Considerations 8 2 From International to Transnational Party: A Historical Perspective 31 3 European Social Democracy: Riding the Tide of Globalisation 62 4 Christian Democrats and Allies: Identity and the Logic of Numbers 85 5 Liberals and Democrats: In the Shadow of the Heavyweights? 117 6 The Communists and Allies: Still Fighting for Change 138 7 Defending the Periphery, Protecting the Environment: The Regionalist Family and the Greens 157 8 Sovereignists, Sceptics and Populists: As Transnational as the Rest? 179 9 National Parties, Party Families and Their Roads to Transnationalism: A Comparative Conclusion 201 Bibliography 217 Index 228 vii O t b 2007 17 4 MAC/BNA P ii 9781403 907950 01 List of Tables 1.1 Party families and their roads to transnationalism 16 2.1 Party strength in EP since 1979 43 3.1 The Party of European Socialists, 2007 65 4.1 The European Peoples’ Party, 2007 91 4.2 The European Christian Political Movement, 2007 101 5.1 The European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party, 2007 120 5.2 The European Democratic Party, 2007 122 6.1 The Party of the European Left, 2007 148 7.1 European Free Alliance/Democratic Party of the peoples of Europe, 2007 161 7.2 The European Green Party, 2007 170 8.1 Alliance for a Europe of Nations, 2007 181 8.2 EUDemocrats, Alliance for a Europe of Democrats, 2007 189 8.3 Euronat, 2007 197 N.B.: In all the above, parties are given their original title; wherever appropriate, an English version is provided. viii O t b 2007 17 4 MAC/BNA P iii 9781403 907950 01 Acknowledgements The CEVIPOL at the Université Libre de Bruxelles, under the energetic and sympathetic leadership of Pascal Delwit, has long played an invalu- able role in bringing together those of us who labour on these strange beasts that are transnational parties. The CEVIPOF at Sciences Po in Paris very kindly offered me a visiting professorship, where a fair part of this book was written, and I enjoyed immensely the friendly welcome and support of Pascal Perrineau and his colleagues. Much of the fieldwork was done with the help of a British Academy award (SG-39251), for which I am extremely grateful. In my work, I was helped by numerous politicians, party officials, academics, journalists and others, to whom my thanks are offered in strict alphabetical order: Maria d’Alimonte, Frank Barrett, Christopher Beazley MEP, Alex Beels, Tim Beyer-Helm, Emmanuel Bordez, Jean-Louis Bourlanges MEP, David Boyd, Francis Burstin, Graham Carter, Arnold Cassola, Jakob Chab, Miguel Chevalier MP, Heather Conyngham, John Cusnahan MEP, Pascal Drouhaud, Andrew Duff MEP, Michael Elmer, Bruno Erhard, Heinrich Ettinger, Jill Evans MEP, Patrick Farbiaz, Niall Fergusson, Gilles Garnier, Maud Gatel, Etienne Godin, Radim Gonda, Peter Gijsels, Andreas Helle, Jan Hamacek, Robert Heinrich, Per Heister, Stellan Hermannsson, Milan Horacek MEP, Ellen Kelly, Andreas Klein, Bernhard Kotsch, Ludek Kulacek, Wulf Lapins, José-Luis Linazasoro, Denis MacShane MP, Jan Maertens, Jean Maertens, Wilfried Martens, Eluned Morgan MEP, Pierre Moscovici MEP, Annemie Neyts-Uttebroeck MEP, Jim O’Donnell, Arie Oostlaender MEP, Alojz Peterle MEP, Achim Post, Tony Robinson, Petr Rybar, Helmut Scholz, Philipp Schulmeister, Vladimir Selacek, Reinhold Sohns, Ursula Stenzel MEP, Petr Stepanek, Anthony Teasdale, Stefan Thijs, Gawaine Towler, Anne van Lancker MEP, Jean-Jacques Viseur MP, Margaret Wright, Robert Woodthorpe- Browne, Jan Zahradil MEP, Daniela Zehentner. Ed Steen was a tireless source of contacts, good humour and compan- ionship. Di Scarlett and Tom Lyne were generous with their friendship and hospitality. Barbara Hanley will be glad to see the end of this book, having supported the author loyally and patiently during the writing. My thanks go also to Graeme Garrard, Sean Loughlin and Gordon Cumming for their friendship and solidarity. None of the above bears, of course, any responsibility for the contents of this book. ix O t b 2007 17 4 MAC/BNA P i 9781403 907950 01 List of Acronyms N.B. This list contains the acronyms most frequently used in the text. All others are available in the appropriate table and are in any case always preceded by the full title whenever the organisation first appears in the text. ADIE Alliance des Démocrates Indépendants en Europe AEN Alliance for a Europe of Nations ALDE Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe CDI Christian Democrat International (since 2001 Christian Democrat and Centrist International) CESP Confederation of European Socialist Parties EC European Community ECSC European Coal and Steel Community EDD Europe of Democracies and Diversities (now ID) EDP European Democratic Party EFA/DPPE European Free Alliance/Democratic Party of the Peoples of Europe EGP European Green Party ELDR European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party EP European Parliament EPP-ED European Peoples’ Party-European Democrats EU European Union EUCD European Union of Christian Democrats EUDem European Democrats/Alliance for a Europe of Democrats GUE/GNV Gauche Unitaire Européenne/Gauche Nordique Verte ID Independence and Democracy (previously EDD) ITS Independence, Tradition, Solidarity LI Liberal International NEI Nouvelles Equipes Internationales PEL Party of the European Left PES Party of European Socialists SIPDIC Secrétariat international des partis démocratiques d’inspiration chrétienne SI Socialist International SLI Socialist and Labour International (1923–1939) TNP Transnational Party/Parties UEN Union for a Europe of Nations x O t b 2007 17 4 MAC/BNA P 9781403 907950 01.