Evolutionary Biology and Ecology of Ostracoda ~1997 Developments in Hydrobiology 148 Series editor H. J. Dumont Fifteen papers presented under Theme 3 of the 13th International Symposium on Ostracoda (IS097), held at the University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, U.K., from 27 to 31 July, 1997. The conference organizers were David J. Horne and Ian Slipper (University of Greenwich), Alan Lord (University Col­ lege London), Ian Boomer (University of East Anglia1) and Jonathan Holmes (Kingston University). 1 Present address: University of Newcastle. Evolutionary Biology and Ecology of Ostracoda Theme 3 of the 13th International Symposium on Ostracoda (18097) Edited by David J. Horne & Koen Martens Reprinted from Hydrobio/ogia, volume 419 (2000) Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-90-481-5499-9 ISBN 978-94-017-1508-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-1508-9 Printed an acid-free paper AII Rights reserved © 2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2000 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2000 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, record ing or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. v Contents Preface Ostracoda and the four pillars of evolutionary wisdom K. Martens, D. J. Home Vll-Xl Keynote Paper Open qm~stions in evolutionary ecology: do ostracods have the answers? R.K. But1m, P. Menozzi 1-14 Part 1. Morphological Evolution Trunk segmentation of some podocopine lineages in Ostracoda A. Tsukagoshi, A.R. Parker 15-30 The ontogeny of the cypridid ostracod Eucypris virens (Jurine, 1820) (Crustacea, Ostracoda) R.J. Smith, K. Martens 31-63 Ontogendic changes in the carapace shape of the non-marine ostracod Eucypris virens (Jurine) A. Baltan;is, M. Otero, L. Arqueros, G. Rossetti, V. Rossi 65-72 Multifundions of the upper lip and a ventral reflecting organ in a bioluminescent ostracod Vargula hilgendorfii (Miiller, 1890) K. Abe, T Ono, K. Yamada, N. Yamamura, K. Ikuta 73-82 Factors affecting the divergence of mate recognition systems in the Limnocytherinae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) K. Martens 83-101 Part 2. Evolutionary History- the Fossil Record An example of intralacustrine evolution at an early stage: the freshwater ostracods of the Miocene '~rater lake of Steinheim (Germany) H. Janz 103-117 The origins of modern nonmarine ostracod faunas: evidence from the Late Cretaceous and Early Palaeogene of Mongolia Khand Yo 119-124 The evolutionary history of Late Permian Darwinulocopina Sohn, 1988 (Ostracoda) from the Russian Plate 1.1. Mo1ostovskaya 125-130 Vl Part 3. Ecology and Palaeoecology Variable noding in Cyprideis torosa (Ostracoda, Crustacea): an overview, experimental results and a model from Catastrophe Theory D. van Harten 131-139 The effect of temperature on shell size and growth rate in Krithe praetexta praetexta (Sars) S. Majoran, S. Agrenius, M. Kucera 141-148 The life history and culturing of Xestoleberis hanaii (Crustacea, Ostracoda) N. Ikeya, M. Kato 149-159 Factors influencing intraspecific variation and polymorphism in marine podocopid Ostracoda, with particular reference to Tertiary species from southeastern Australia J. V. Neil 161-180 Trend, signal and noise in the ecology of Ostracoda: information from rare species in low­ diversity assemblages J. M. Slack, R. L. Kaesler, M. Kontrovitz 181-189 Reproductive strategy of an isopod Onisocryptus ovalis, parasitizing a bioluminescent myodocope ostracod Vargula hilgendorfii K. Abe, J. Horiuchi 191-197 Hydrobiologia 419: vii-xi, 2000. D.J. Horne & K. Martens (eds), Evolutionary Biology and Ecology of Ostracoda. vii © 2000 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Preface: Ostracoda and the four pillars of evolutionary wisdom Koen Martens 1·* & David J. Home2 1Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Freshwater Biology, Vautierstraat 29, B-1 000 Brussels, Belgium 2School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, U.K. Key words: morphology, palaeontology, ecology, genetics, Ostracoda, evolution Abstract Morphology, palaeontology, genetics and ecology are the main scientific domains contributing theories, concepts and new data to evolutionary biology. Ostracods are potentially very good model organisms for evolutionary studies because they combine an excellent fossil record with a wide extant distribution and, therefore, allow studies on both patterns and processes leading to extant diversity. This preface provides an overview of the 15 contributions to the present vJlume and concludes that this set of papers supports the claim that ostracod studies are situated in all main evolutionary domains. Introduction ive fossil record with such a large extant diversity. Ostracods thus allow us to study pattern and pro­ The so-called 'Modern Synthesis of Evolution', first cess in space and time, investigating the origins and coined by Huxley (1942) and later presented in a book dynamics of biodiversity. Most of these exciting ap­ edited by Mayr & Provine (1980), integrated Dar­ proaches are in general unavailable in other groups. winian evolution and Mendelian genetics: evolution But in ostracods, palaeoecological deductions (for the occurs by natural selection acting on genetic variab­ Quaternary) can be made with reasonable accuracy, ility. Sint:e then, several other disciplines have joined using autecologies of extant taxa; molecular clocks the evolutionary 'high table', as it was termed first by can be calibrated, using phylogenetic branchings with Maynard Smith (1984) and later by Eldredge (1995); absolute dating from fossils; and robust phylogenies molecular genetics was given a royal welcome as soon can be established, integrating the results of no fewer as the n~~cessary techniques were available and pa­ than four different fields: morphology and ontogeny, laeontolCigy got a warm 'welcome back'. Ecology genetics, palaeontology and (past and present) biogeo­ (evolutionary ecology in particular) tended to be a graphy. rather sleepy participant, but has been a major contrib­ The present volume is one of three resulting from utor to recent discussions, ever since handbooks like the Thirteenth International Symposium on Ostracoda those of Cockburn ( 1991) and Pianka ( 1994) appeared. (IS097) which was held at the University of Green­ Other disciplines, such as developmental biology and wich (Medway Campus) in Kent, U.K., in July 1997. biogeography, have had occasional invitations, but An international delegacy of over one hundred sci­ have yet to find their regular place; that will be merely entists attended IS097: their diverse backgrounds, in a matter of time. At present, however, the four pil­ the earth, environmental and life sciences reflect the lars supporting the Hall of Evolutionary Studies are current breadth of interest in Ostracoda. This special morphology, genetics, ecology and palaeontology. issue brings together 15 papers that were presented Ostracoda, small bivalved crustaceans, have much in Theme 3 of IS097, entitled "Evolutionary Bio­ to contribute to all four scientific domains. Very few logy and Ecology of Ostracoda". Papers from themes other animal groups can claim such a status. This is l (Non-Marine Ostracoda: Evolution and Environ­ so because few other groups combine such an extens- ment) and 2 (Marine Ostracoda and Global Change) have been published as special volumes of the journals * Author for correspondence Palaeogeography, Palaeoecology, Palaeoclimatology vm and Marine Micropalaeontology, respectively. Addi­ Because of the advantages of the group, cited above tional information about Ostracoda can be found in (e.g. variety of reproductive modes, extensive fossil proceedings of the previous IRGO (International Re­ record), ostracod molecular genetics has a great future search Group on Ostracoda) symposia (Puri, 1964; and will continue to help answer questions of broad Neale, 1969; Oertli, 1971; Swain et al., 1975; Hart­ biological relevance. mann, 1976; Loffter & Danie1opo1, 1977; Krstic, One aspect of ostracod genetics, however, is 1979; Maddocks, 1983; Hanai et al., 1988; Whatley presently almost totally missing, namely karyology. & Maybury, 1990; McKenzie & Jones, 1993; Rfha, Alicia Mouguilevsky has made important contribu­ 1995). Since the majority of these are not published tions on myodocopids during the past decade (e.g. in mainstream journals and may not be known to Moguilevsky, 1995), but to find cytogenetic work on non-ostracod workers, we list the full details in our Podocopida, we have to go back to the papers by Tetart references. from the 1970s (e.g. Tetart, 1978) and before that We hope that this volume will help to place the to German papers from 1940 to 1950. Nevertheless, Ostracoda firmly amongst those organisms, generally podocopid (and especially cypridinid) ostracods have used to test evolutionary hypotheses, such as Droso­ remarkable karyotypes, with different kinds of sex phila, Caenorhabditis, Arabidopsis and others. In this, determining systems and multiple sex chromosomes we follow a pioneer of evolutionary studies on os­ (Schon & Martens, 1998). Further understanding of tracods, Dan Danielopol, who called one of his books: the evolutionary ecology of reproductive modes in 'Cytherissa, the Drosophila