Demonstration River Basins in Pakistan Dr. Bashir AHMAD Water Resources Research Institute National Agriculture Research Center Islamabad, Pakistan Indus River Length:3200 km Indus basin area: 566,000 km2 Total watershed area:944,000 km Major tributaries = 14 Upper Indus China UU Afghanistan II BB Pakistan Iran Nepal India Indus Basin International Areas Country/Regio Area (sq. km) Area (%) ¾ 80 to 90% of the UIB becomes snow- n covered during most of winter season China 92,981 10 ¾ In UIB, seasonally snow covered areas are India 67,340 7 typically between 1500 m and 5000 m Kashmir 179,486 19 ¾ Snowline retreats to elevation about 4500 - Afghanistan 75628 8 5000 m during July and August Pakistan 529,135 56 Total Area 944,569 100 UIB: Upper Indus Basin INDUS IRRIGATION SYSTEM IN PAKISTA KEY FACTS 3 No. of major Reservoirs: No. of Barrages: 16 No. of Headworks: 2 No. of Inter-link Canals: 12 No. of Canal Systems: 44 No. of Watercourses: 107,000 Length of Canals: 56,073 km 1.6 million Length of Watercourses: km Average Canal Water Diversions: 104.7 MAF Groundwater Abstractions: 41.6 MAF No. of Tubewells: > 550,000 36 million Irrigated Area: acres Average Escapage to the Sea: 39.4 MAF Source of fresh water is rainfall, snowmelt and glacier melt ¾More than 70% of water resources are contributed by snowmelt and glacier melt Source of fresh water is rainfall, snowmelt and glacier melt ¾70 % rainfall is from summer monsoons and rest is from westerly disturbances Water resources issues • Water logging • Salinity • Water quality • Floods • Landslide • Sediment flow • Water scarcity • Monitoring (especially in remote and difficult approach area Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD) Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD) is a federal agency with a mandate to monitor and analyze meteorological data. It maintains a network of about 200 metrological stations across the country Snow and Ice Hydrology Project (SIHP) It maintains a network of 21 stations at high altitudes in upper Indus Basin Surface water Hydrology Project (SWHP) It maintains a network of 80 metrological stations throughout the country Ev-K2-CNR They have established one Automatic weather station at high altitude in Karakoram and planning two more Demonstration Basins Demonstration River Basins Swat River Basin Gilgit River Basin Haro River Basin 0 600 Kilometers ObjectivesObjectives ¾ Water resources assessment applying hydrological model using in-situ and satellite data ¾ Integrated water resources management ¾ Water resources forecast using RCM output ¾ Impact of climate change on fresh water resources ¾ Strengthen the observation network especially at high altitu GilgitGilgit BasinBasin Characteristics ¾ Area (sq km) 12800 ¾ 27% Glaciered area ¾ 70-80 % covered by seasonal snowcover ¾ Annual precipitation (mm) 300 ¾ Annual runoff (mm) 800 ¾ Meteorological stations = 7 ¾ Precipitation, temperature, evaporation, wind, shortwave radiation, streamflow, landuse, soil Issues ¾ GLOFS ¾ Water resources assessment and forecasting ¾ Landslide ¾ Sediment flow ¾ Water scarcity ¾ Monitoring (especially in remote and high altitude area GilgitGilgit BasinBasin Monthly runoff and precipitation comparison 250 Precipitation Runoff 200 150 100 50 Precipitataion (mm), Runoff (mm) Runoff (mm), Precipitataion 0 Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Inter-station and seasonal precipitation variability 180 A(3895) 160 B(3719) 140 C(2405) D(2156) 120 E(1460) F(1372) 100 G(1251) 80 60 Monthly Precipitation (mm) Precipitation Monthly 40 20 0 Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month SwatSwat RiverRiver BasinBasin Characteristics ¾ Area (sq. km) 5894 ¾ About 50-70% area covered by seasonal snowmelt ¾ Few Glaciers ¾ Maximum elevation (m) 5644 ¾ Meteorological stations = 3 ¾ Precipitation, temperature, evaporation, wind, streamflow, landsue, soil, vegetation, population Issues ¾ Water resources assessment ¾ Land sliding ¾ Sediment flow ¾ Water quality ¾ Water Scarcity ¾ Monitoring at high latitude HaroHaro RiverRiver BasinBasin Characteristics ¾ Area (sq km) 657 ¾ Maximum elevation (m) 2755 ¾ Meteorological stations = 2 ¾ Precipitation, temperature, evaporation, wind, pressure, shortwave radiation, streamflow, DEM, Radar rainfall, Dam operation, landuse, soil Issues ¾ Water resources assessment and forecasting ¾ Sediment flow ¾ Water scarcity ¾ Water quality ¾ Dam management for irrigation and domestic supply PotentialPotential CollaborativeCollaborative Institutes/organizationInstitutes/organization ¾ Water & Power development Authority (WAPDA) ¾ Pakistan Metrological Department ¾ Snow and Ice Hydrology Project (SIHP) ¾ Water Resources Research Institute (WRRI), National Agricultural Research Center (NARC), Islamabad ¾ Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources (PCRWR) ¾ Global Change Impact Study Center, Islamabad ¾ International Water Management Institute, Lahore GilgitGilgit BasinBasin Land Use Map of Gilgit River Basin Wooded Tundra Wooded wetland Barren / sparsely vegetated Mixed Shrub / grassland Irrigated cropland Non irrigated cropland Grassland Shurbland Snow / Ice Soil Map of Gilgit River Basin Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4 Type 5 Type 6.