LEADERSHIP AS SERVICE OF A PARISH IN MISSION by LAURENCE PAUL PRIOR submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF THEOLOGY in the subject MISSIOLOGY at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA PROMOTER: PROF J N J KRITZINGER JUNE 2001 Summary This study is concerned with the style of leadership needed to enable the church to fully express itself in mission. The renewed ecclesiology of the Second Vatican council, in which the church is said to be missionary by nature, is reviewed. The fundamental structure of the church is described theologically under the themes of the people of God, creation of the Holy Spirit and the body of Christ. A study of the Council's teaching on a pyramidal style ofleadership leads to the conclusion that it is inadequate for implementing the teaching on the missionary nature of the church. A review of post-Vatican II ecclesial movements worldwide points to a strong desire among many for a church of greater participation with a more personal leadership style. A study of leadership in the corporate world shows how a servant-style is replacing the traditional pyramidal structure. It is shown how this servant-leadership style could also be used in the church. The results of a qualitative research study of St. Joseph's Parish in Metro Manila, Philippines, are presented. This shows how the pastor gathered around him a group of lay leaders who share and express his style of servant-leadership. This part of the study begins by setting the historical context within which this parish exists by giving an overview of the history of the church in the Philippines and then shows how the leaders of St. Joseph's Parish motivated a passive congregation to become a church-in-mission. This occurred over a number of years through the parishioners being invited to full participation in parish life and becoming involved in service of those in need. An intense formation programme by parish leaders, who used a servant-leadership style, helped lead this parish from its former passivity to a manifestation of the missionary nature of the church. The study concludes by identifying some themes for further research. There is some special happiness here in the parish, the experience of community and closeness among us The commitment of each one of us is not just personal effort on our part, but really God gives the grace for us to keep on. Mel Antonio Gubatan 1965-1997 Acknowledgements I would like to express my gratitude to my promoter JN J Kritzinger for his long­ suffering patience and guidance throughout this project: also to Muriel Reynolds for that persistent smile and support even when snowed under by work; and also to Marietjie Willemse. A special word of thanks goes to Natalie Thirion, subject librarian, for her efficiency in researching and tracking down so much bibliographical material. Thank you, Jo-Ann, librarian at St. John Vianney Seminary. You always had time to find the information I needed. I would like to express my appreciation to the staff at Lumko Institute, 1987-1999, for their fellowship and support. Those were great years of learning. In particular I thank Prisca Hadebe, Xolisile and Nkosingiphile for your friendship and inspiration over many years. Benikhona, beningivuselela njalo. Ngiyanibonga! And thank you, Myra, for having patiently listened to the contents of this thesis at its various stages! Thanks to you. Marc Lesage, Stela Padilla and Aleli Gutierrez and all my dear friends at St. Joseph's for your friendship, and particularly for all you have taught me over the years. Apologies for any misrepresentations in this thesis - I know you'll put me right! And to dear Mel - I continue to hold you and your family in fond remembrance. l am grateful to the Franciscan friars at Santa Sophia for their brotherhood and their support. May the Lord bless Fr. Fergus Barrett, OFM, (RIP) for his encouragement and financial support. Blessings, too, on the present staff at the Institute of Catholic Education for their help. Thank you, Peter Gilmour, of Loyola University, Chicago, for your questions to which you never gave answers! Your prodding caused me to widen my research base. Finally, Marie-Henry Keane: you started it all off. Without your prompting I would never have begun the journey at all. Thank you! CONTENTS Chapter One: Introduction 1.1 Introduction 14 1.2 Statement of the Problem 15 1.3 Personal Involvement in the Issue 18 1.4 Significance of the Study 22 1.5 Methodology 23 1.6 A Qualitative Research Method 28 1.7 Fieldwork Sources 31 1.8 Validity 32 1.9 Structure of the Study 34 Chapter Two: A Renewed Roman Catholic Ecclesiology 2.1 The Roots of a New Ecclesiology 38 2.1 The Fundamental Structure of the Church 43 2.2.1 The Church as the People of God 43 2.2.2 The Church as Creation of the Holy Spirit 47 2.2.3 The Church as the Body of Christ 52 2.3 Leadership According to Vatican II 57 2.3.1 A Theology of Divine Power 58 2.3.2 A Methodology of Leadership 61 2.4 Developments in Local Churches 65 5 2.4.1 The Juridical Church 66 2.4.2 The People's Church 69 2.4.2.1 North America 70 2.4.2.2 Africa 72 2.4.3 A New Way of Being Church 75 2.4.3.1 Latin America 75 2.4.3.2 Asia 78 2.4.3.3 The Philippines 82 2.5 Conclusion 86 Chapter Three: Servant-Leadership 3.1 Introduction 88 3.2 Where is Leadership Today? 88 3.3 Studies on Leadership 90 3.4 The Development of Leadership Theory 92 3.4.1 Influences on the Major Authors 93 3.5 A New Understanding of Leadership 95 3.6 Definitions of Leadership 96 3.6.1 Visionary Leadership 96 3.6.2 Executive Leadership 97 3.6.3 Transactional Leadership 98 3.6.4 Transforming Leadership 102 3.6.5 Leadership in a Post-Industrial Paradigm 104 3.6.5.1 An Influence Relationship 104 3.6.5.2 Leaders and Followers 105 3.6.5.3 Community Building and Teamwork 107 3.6.5.4 Real Changes are Intended 110 6 3.6.5.5 Leaders and Followers Develop Mutual Purposes 111 3.7 The Ethics of Leadership Decisions 113 3.8 Education and Growth for Leadership 116 3.9 Leadership for Change 118 3.10 HopeinYouth 120 3.11 The Institution as Servant 122 3.12 The Growing Edge Church 123 3.13 The Primus inter Pares in the Parish 126 3 .14 Towards a Description of Pastoral Leadership 127 3 .15 Conclusion 129 Chapter Four: The Church in the Philippines 4.0 Introduction 130 4.1 Geography of the Philippines 130 4.2 The History of the Church 132 4.2.1 The Church comes to the Philippines 133 4.2.2 The Consolidation of the Church 134 4.2.3 Evangelization 135 4.2.4 Filipino Opposition 136 4.2.5 The Faith is Assimilated 137 4.2.6 Comment 137 4.3 The Seventeenth Century 138 4.3.1 Church Authority and the Friars 139 4.3.2 The Development of the Nation through the Church 140 4.3.3 The .\Iissionaries' Contribution to Filipino Development 141 4.3.4 The Growth and Decline of a Filipino Clergy 142 4.3.5 Comment 144 7 4.4 The Growth of Filipino Nationalism 144 4.4.1 The Church and Filipino Nationalism 146 4.4.2 The Independence Revolution 147 4.4.3 The Church in Disarray 148 4.4.4 Adjusting to a New Order 150 4.4.5 Comment 151 4.5 The Resurgence of the Roman Catholic Church 152 4.5.1 The Bishops' Call to Renewal 153 4.5.2 Church-State Relations 155 4.5.3 The EDSA Revolution 157 4.5.4 Comment 159 4.6 Conclusion 160 4.7 St. Joseph's Parish, Las Pifi.as 165 4.7.1 Introduction 165 4.7.2 Geographical Situation of St. Joseph's Parish 165 4.7.3 Population 165 4.7.4 A New Style of Leadership 171 4. 7.4.1 Mandated Organisations 171 4.7.4.2 The Era of Working Groups 172 4.7.4.3 The Seminar Group 175 4.7.4.4 The Bamboo Organ 176 4.8 Conclusion 179 Chapter Five: Leadership for a Participatory Church 5.1 Introduction 182 5.2 Parish Structures 183 5.3 Initial Efforts 185 8 5.4 Comment 186 5.5 The Community of the Living Water 189 5.5.1 The Influence of the Charismatic Movement 190 5.5.2 Youth Formation 193 5.5.3 Comment 195 5.6 An Image for the Whole Parish 198 5.7 Youth Leadership 201 5.8 Efforts at Inculturation 204 5.9 The Role of the Parish Formation Team 206 5.9.1 Formation for a Participatory Church 208 5.9.2 Comment 213 5.10 Conclusion 214 Chapter Six: Leadership for Liberation 6.1 Introduction 216 6.2 First Efforts at Social Involvement 216 6.3 The Charity Model of Social Ministry 218 6.4 The Organisation Model of Social Ministry 219 6.4.1 Other Centrally-Based Services 220 6.4.2 Involvement of the Needy 223 6.5 Strategy Guided by Values 225 6.6 Development as Formation 227 6.7 The Pagkalinga Workers 229 6. 7 .1 Monitoring the Social Programmes 232 6.8 The Liberation Model of Social Ministry 234 6.9 Two Concerns about Social Ministry 236 6.9 .1 Social Ministry Skills 237 9 6.9.2 A Spirituality for Social Ministry 239 6.10 Conclusion 242 Chapter Seven: Leadership as Empowerment for Service 7.1 Introduction 243 7.2 The Annual Formation Cycle 245 7.3 Ministries in the Barrios I Ugnayon 250 7.3.1 Commitment of Time 253 7.3.2 Training as a Pastor 254 7.3.3 Expectations of the People 255 7.3.4 The "Regenerative" Nature of Servant-Leadership 257 7.4 Leadership for Empowerment 260 7.4.1 Leadership Styles 260 7.4.2 A Leadership of Integrity 265 7.4.3 Values-Driven Leadership 266 7.5 Basic Ecclesial Communities 269 7.5.1 Introduction 269 7.5.2 Sowing the Seeds 270 7.5.3 Initiating Basic Ecclesial Communities 271 7.5.4 A Communion of Communities 273 7.5.5 The Value of Basic Ecclesial Communities 276 7.5.5.1 Josie's Story 277 7.5.5.2 Caught by a Vision 280 7.5.5.3 The Cost of Discipleship 281 7.6 Conclusion 284 10 Chapter Eight: Leadership in Service of Mission 8.1 Introduction 292 8.2 Integration of the Thesis 292 8.3 Leadership for Service 301 8.4 Conclusion 306 Bibliography 308 11 Abbreviations of Roman Catholic Documents Vatican II AA Apostolicam Actuositatem AG Ad Gentes CD Christus Dominus DH Dignitatis Humanae GE Gravissimum Educationis GS Gaudium et Spes LG Lumen Gentium PO Presbyterorum Ordinis SC Sacrosanctum Concilium Pope Paul VI ES Ecclesiae Sanctae ( 1965) PP Populorum Progressio ( 1967) CU Convenientes ex Universo (1971) EV Evangelii Nuntiandi (1975) Pope John Paul II SRS Sollicitudo Rei Social is ( 1987) 12 Glossary of Tagalog Words used in the Text Babad Immersion.