Understanding Air Pollution in Amager, Copenhagen and its Effects on the School-Aged Population An Interactive Qualifying Project submitted to the Faculty of WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science By: Nour Elmaliki, Muyun He, Connor Mclaughlin, Tom Nurse October 16, 2020 Report Submitted To: Professor Gary Pollice and Professor Jefferson Sphar, Worcester Polytechnic Institute Director Dorte Grastrup-Hansen, Miljøpunkt Amager This report represents work of WPI undergraduate students submitted to the faculty as evidence of a degree requirement. WPI routinely publishes these reports on its web site without editorial or peer review. For more information about the projects program at WPI, see http://www.wpi.edu/Academics/Projects. Abstract Air pollution poses a serious threat to children. Our sponsor Miljøpunkt Amager enlisted our help in identifying the health risks of air pollution experienced by children at the Kalvebod Fælled Skole in Copenhagen, Denmark. Our team explored potential strategies for reducing air pollution levels through archival research, data collection, interviews, and surveys. Using this information, we developed a set of recommendations for Miljøpunkt Amager. Clean Air Amager i Acknowledgements Our team wishes to thank the various organizations and individuals that helped to make our project possible: ● Our sponsor, Miljøpunkt Amager and Dorte Grastrup-Hansen, for providing our team with the support, resources, and information we needed. Without them this project would not have been possible. ● Gehl Architects for allowing us access to some of their ongoing research. ● Nick Vikander and the other Miljøpunkt Amager volunteers for taking air quality measurements on our behalf. ● Our advisors Professor Gary Pollice and Professor Alex Sphar for providing valuable advice and guidance regarding our project. ● To all survey respondents and interviewees for taking the time to answer our questions and for providing us with valuable input. ○ Dr. Matthew Adams ○ Dr. Ole Hertel ○ Dr. Kåre Press-Kristensen ○ Rasmus Reeh ○ Nick Vikander Clean Air Amager ii The Executive Summary Project Goal This project aimed to identify the health risks of air pollution experienced by children at the Kalvebod Fælled Skole in Copenhagen, Denmark and recommend potential courses of action to reduce that risk. Introduction Air pollution is a byproduct of various processes which introduce chemicals or compounds into the atmosphere. It kills over 7 million people worldwide every year (Osseiran & Lindmeier, 2018) and causes negative health effects especially in urban environments. Our sponsor, Miljøpunkt Amager, is an environmental organization focused on improving air quality in Copenhagen, Denmark. They have partnered with multiple local organizations including Gehl Architects, Copenhagen Solutions Lab, and the Amager Vest Lokaludvalg (Local Council) to measure and analyze the levels of air pollution in Amager. This project was completed to help Miljøpunkt Amager better understand the extent of air pollution’s impacts on first grade students at the Kalvebod Fælled Skole and to identify potential courses of action to help alleviate its effects. Methodology Through archival research and data collection, including surveys and interviews, we achieved four goals related to the technical, social, and political aspects of air pollution in Amager. ● Measure children's exposure and air pollution levels around the Kalvebod Fælled Skole in Amager. ● Identify relevant sources of air pollution around the Kalvebod Fælled Skole. ● Evaluate current policies and practices taken to reduce air pollution in Copenhagen. ● Research the human health impacts of air pollution in Amager, focusing primarily on first grade students attending the Kalvebod Fælled Skole. Clean Air Amager iii Key Findings Based on the analysis of the collected data, we derived our findings below. From the survey of Kalvebod Fælled Skole Amager Community Awareness & parents, we saw a similar trend to that of Priorities the community survey. While fewer We administered two surveys that aimed respondents think about their air quality to collect data about children's or when considering transportation methods residents’ commuting habits, the for their children, 78% of parents noted reasoning behind their chosen method of that their children already walk or bike to transportation, and to understand their school. The most common priority among overall air quality concerns. Miljøpunkt survey respondents was convenience. Amager shared one of our surveys in the September issue of their monthly newsletter and on their Facebook page. Wood Stoves & Wood Burning This survey received a total of 94 responses. Our other survey went out to Finding: Wood stoves contribute more to parents of first graders at the Kalvebod air pollution in Copenhagen than motor Fælled Skole and received 13 responses. vehicles do. Finding: While the community of Amager Dr. Kåre Press-Kristensen, our is generally aware of their air quality, interviewee working with the United they are not aware of the numerous Nations, cited wood stoves as the most initiatives aimed at improving it. prominent source of air pollution in Copenhagen. Each year wood stoves in By analyzing survey data from Copenhagen contribute twice as much Miljøpunkt Amager’s newsletter, we pollution as all the motor vehicles in found that most residents of Amager are Copenhagen combined, despite only being generally concerned about their local air in use for around 4 months a year. There quality, with 61% of individuals are roughly 15,000 wood stoves in considering their air quality daily or Copenhagen, 2,700 of which reside in weekly. However, the majority of people Amager (D. Grastrup-Hansen, personal (86%) could not name any ongoing communication, 2020). A reduction in community programs aimed at improving wood stove usage by half would therefore the air quality in Copenhagen. result in a reduction in pollution equivalent to banning all motor vehicles Finding: Parents are concerned about in the city. their child’s safety when biking to school, but they value convenience above all else when selecting a form of transportation. Clean Air Amager iv Impact of Student Drop-off at Airport-Related Findings Kalvebod Fælled Skole Finding: The nearby Copenhagen airport On September 24, Miljøpunkt Amager likely contributes to the air pollution in volunteers used a P-Trak device to collect the Kalvebod Fælled Skole area. data on the amount of ultrafine particles in the air around the drop-off area at the Using data from a monitoring station on Kalvebod Fælled Skole and near the HC Andersen Boulevard, along with intersection of Hannemanns Alle and public wind data, we determined that Ørestads Boulevard. The weather pollutants from Copenhagen Airport could conditions were excellent as it was clear reach the Kalvebod Fælled Skole. We and dry all morning. found that average PM2.5 concentrations when downwind of the airport were 5.61 Finding: Motor vehicle traffic has a minor µg/m3 higher than average levels; an temporary impact on ultrafine particle 11.7% increase. When upwind of the concentrations. airport, PM2.5 concentrations were 9.75 µg/m3 lower than average; a 20% When analyzing these measurements, we decrease. T-test scores from the linear discovered that while there were regression model showed statistical occasionally small increases, or peaks, in significance of wind direction, with p < the ultrafine particle concentrations when 0.001. Based on our findings, we heavy vehicles, especially trucks, hypothesize that the wind carries appeared or passed by, the concentrations pollution from the airport or other sources remained mostly consistent over time. in southeast Copenhagen, and this Nearly every spike returned to baseline phenomenon may similarly impact the levels within a minute or two. Kalvebod Fælled Skole area. Furthermore, idling cars and the distance between traffic and the P-Trak device did Pollution from Construction not appear to have obvious impacts on Finding: Nearby construction could have ultrafine particle concentrations. an impact on the air quality, once However, when comparing ultrafine operations resume. particle concentrations from the drop-off area with a nearby intersection, the Dr. Matthew Adams mentioned that dust concentrations at the intersection were would likely be the primary pollutant 22% higher. coming from construction zones. Additionally, unfiltered heavy machinery emits ultrafine particulate matter. At the time of this study, nearby construction projects were inactive, however we hypothesize that they will have a greater impact on the air quality once they resume normal activity. Clean Air Amager v Recommendations Youth Education & Wood Burning Continued Investigation of Outreach Copenhagen Airport One way to reduce the impact of wood We also recommend that Miljøpunkt stoves and school bonfires is to educate Amager consider the airport as a source of the community and youth of Amager pollution and conduct an additional through community outreach events. By investigation. Our findings suggest that teaching families about the health effects pollution from the airport can travel of wood burning, we may encourage a upwards of 6.5 km, depending on the wind reduction in wood stove usage, which direction. The Kalvebod Fælled Skole is would have a significant impact on closer to the airport than the monitoring pollution levels. These families may also station and