THE WOODSMAN'S HANDBOOK Rd d rg! Issued November 22, 1910. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRJCULTURE, FOREST SERVICEBULLETIN 36. HENRY S. GRAVES, FORESTER. THE WOODSMAN'S HANDBOOK (REVISED AND ENLARGED) BY HENRY S. GRAVES, FORESTER, AND E. A. ZIEGLER, DIRECTOR, PENNSYLVANIA STATE FOREST ACADEMY. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1910. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. U. S. DEPARTMENT or AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, Washington, D. C., February 11, 1910. Sia: I have the honor to transmit herewith the manuscript ofa revised and enlarged edition of Bulletin 36 of the Forest Service, "The Woodsman's Handbook," and to recommend its publication to take the place of the proposed second part of this bulletin, so as to include both parts in one publication,The sixteen text figures are necessary for its proper illustration. Very respectfully. HENRY SOLON GRAVES, Forepter. Hon. JAMES WILsoN, Secretary of Agriculture. CONTENTS. Page. Introduction 11 Units of log measure 12 Board measure 13 The various log rules 14 Comparison of log rules for board measure (table) 16 The more important log rules 20 The Scribner Rule (description) 21) The Scribner "Decimal C" Rule (table) 21 The Doyle Rule (description) 25 The Doyle Rule (table) 26 The Spaulding Rule 31 The Maine Log Rule 31 Standard measure 31 The Nineteen-inch Standard Rule (description) 32 The New Hampshire (Blodgett) Rule (description) 32 Other Standard Rules. Log scaling Forest Service scaling directions 39 Cubic measure 43 Cubing logs by length and middle diameters Cubing logs by length and end diameters Solid cubic contents of logs (table) 46 Converting cubic measure to board measure 51 Relation between cubic contents and iw cut (table) 52 Cubic contents of square timber in a round log 53 The 1'wo-thirds Rule (description) 53 The Inscribed Square Rule (description) 53 The Inscribed Square Rule (table) 54 Cord measure Timber estimating Contents of standing trees Estimate by the eye 60 6 CONTENTS. Page. Timber estimatingContinued. Contents of standing treesContinued. Volume tables 61 By diameter only 61 By diameter and standard log length 62 By diameter and tree classes 63 By diameter and height 63 Factors that affect the accuracy of estimates 64 Determination o the contents of stands 65 Covering the whole area - 65 Estimate by the eye 65 Estimate by inspection of each tree 67 A method of crufi,ing a "forty" by small squares 68 A method used in open woods 70 Covering only part of the area 70 A method used in the Lake States 70 Strip surveys 72 Distribution of strip surveys 73 Preparation of a forest map 74 Measurement of the trees 75 Recording measurements 76 Number of strip surveys required 77 Computation of results 77 Estimate by counting logs 79 Systematic plot method 80 A method used on the Pacific Coast 81 Scattered or arbitrary plots 81 Advantage of strip surveys Use of heights in estimating 82 A method used in Southern yellow pine 87 Accurate plot surveys 89 The choice of methods for estimating 89 Growth of trees 9° Diameter growth 9° Height growth 91 Volume growth 91 Entire volume ................................... 91 Table giving approximate growth per cent 93 Bowl foot volume 94 cONTENTS. .7 Page. Special instruments useful to a woodsman 95 Staff compass . 96 Instruments for measuring heights 98 Faustmann's height measure 99 Forest Service standard hypsometer 101 Surveyor's hand level and clinometer 103 Diameter measurement calipers 106 Diameter tape - . 108 Cruiser's tree counter .. .. 109 Cruiser's bark blaier . 109 Pressler increment borer 110 APPENDIX. Volume tables 113 Northeastern trees 113 Aspen or popple, cubic feet., peeled pulp wood (Table 1) 113 Beech, board feet, saw Cut, and grades (Table 2) 114 Birch, paper, cubic feet, used length (Table 3) 115 Birch, paper, board feet, saw cut (Table 4) 116 Birch, yellow, board feet, saw cut and grades (Table 5) 117 hemlock, board feet, saw cut (Table 6) 118 Maple, suga1, board feet, saw cut, and grades table (Table 7) 119 Oak, red, board feet,saw cut (Table 8) 120 Oak, white, cubic feet, second-growth cord wood (Table 9) 121 Pine, red, board feet, under 13k) years (Table 10) 122 Pine, red, board feet, over 200 years (Table 11) 123 Pine, white, board feet, saw cut (Table 12) 124 Pine, white, board feet, Scribner Rule (Table 13) 125 Spruce, cubic feet, pulp wood (Table 14) 126 Spruce board test New Hampshire Rule (Table 15) 127 Southern 4ppalachian trees 128 Chestnut board feet Doyle-&ribner Rule (Table 16) 128 Chestnut cubic feet extract wood (Table 17) 139 Hemlock, board feet, Doyle-Scribner Rule (Table 18) 120 Hemlock solume of bark in cords (Table 19) 131 Hickories, volume used in cubic feet (Table 20)-------132 Hickories, per cent of bark and sapwood <Table 21)..., 133 8 CONTENTS. Volume tablesContinued. Southern Appalachian treesContinued. Page. Oak, black, board feet, Doyle-Scribner Rule (Table 22). 134 Oak, chestnut, board feet, Doyle-Scribner Rule (Table 23) 135 Oak, chestnut, volume, bark in cords (Table 24) 136 Oak, red, board feet, Doyle-Seribner Rule (Table 25) 137 Oak, white, board feet, Doyle-Scribner Rule (Table 26) 138 Poplar, yellow, second growth, board feet, Scribner Rule (Table 27) 139 Poplar, yellow, second growth, cubic feet entire stem (Table 28) 140 Poplar, yellow, first growth, board feet, Doyle-Scribner Rule (Table 29) 141 Pine, white, board feet, Doyle-Scribner Rule (Table 30) 142 Southern trees 144 Ash, white, second growth, cubic feet, used volume (Table 31) 144 Ash, white, board feet, Doyle Rule (Table 32) 145 Cottonwood, board feet, Doyle Rule (Table 33) 146 Cypress, bald, board feet, Scribner Rule (Table 34) 147 Gum, red, board feet, Doyle-Scribner Rule (Table 35) 148 Pine, loblolly, board feet, Scribner Rule (South Carolina) (Table 36) 149 Pine, loblolly, board feet, Scribuer Rule (Arkan) (Table 37) 150 Pine, longleaf, board feet, Seribner Rule (Table 38) 151 Pine, scrub, cubic feet entire stem (Table 39) 152 Pine, shortleaf, board feet, Scribner Rule (Table 40) 153 Western trees 154 Fir, Douglas, board feet, Scribner Rule (Idaho and Wyoming) (Table 41) 154 Fir, Douglas, board feet, Scribner Rule (Wasbi gton and Oregon) (Table 42) 156 Fir, white, board feet, Scribner Rule (Table 43) 162 Hemlock, western, board feet, Scribner Rule (Table 44) 164 Larch, western, board feet, Scribner Rule (16-foot logs) (Table 45) 166 Larch, western, board feet, Scribuer Rule (height classes) (Table 46) 168 CONTENTS. Volume tablesContinued. Western treesContinued. Page. Pine, lodgepole, ties and props (Table 47) 170 Pine, lodgepole, board feet, Scribner Rule (Table 48) 171 Pine, sugar, board feet, Scribner Rule (Table 49) 172 Pine, western white, board feet, Seribner Rule (height classes) (Table 50) 176 Pine, western white, board feet, Scribner Rule (16-foot logs) (Table 51) - 178 Pine, western yellow, board feet, Scribner Rule (Black Hills) (Table 52) 179 Pine, western yellow, board feet, Scribner Rule (height classesArizona) (Table 53) 180 Pine, western yellow, board feet, Scribner Rule (16-foot logsArizona) (Table 54) 181 Pine, western yellow, board feet, Seribner Rule (Cali- fornia and Montana) (Table 55) 182 Spruce, Engelmann, board feet, Scribner rule (height classes) (Table 56) 184 Spruce, Engelmann, board feet, Scribner Rule (10-foot logs) (Table 57) 186 Growth tables 187 Approzimate average rate of growth Northern forests (Table 58) 188 Central hardwood forests (Table 59) 189 Southern forests (Table 60) 190 Rocky Mountain forests (Table 61) 191 Pacific coast forests (Table 62) 192 Approximate time required to produce different wood crops(Table63) 193 Yield tables 194 Birch, paper (Table 64) 195 Pine, loblolly, Maryland (Table 65) 196 Pine, loblolly, Texas (Table 66) 197 Pine, scrub, Maryland (Table 67). 197 Pine, white, New Hampshire Cubic feet (Table 68) 198 Board feet (Table 69) 200 Thinnings (Table 70). 201 Poplarchow, % irginia (Table 71) 202 10 CONTENTS. Page. Miscellaneous tables 203 Area of circles in square feet (Table 72) 203 Contents of 1-inch boards in board feet and twelfths (Table 73) 204 compound interest (Table 74) 205 Annuities (Table 75) 207 ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. Fm. 1. The method of cruising by dividing a "forty" into 16 small squares 69 A method of making strip surveys that is used in the Lake States 71 Ourve showing heights of trees of different diameters 84 Method of recording standard logs and diameter&- - 88 Staff compass & Measuring the height of a tree by means of two poles 97 Measuring the height of a tree by use of known height to eye of the observer 98 Faustmann's height measure 99 Manner of using Faustmann's height measure 101 Method of sighting with standard hypsorneter 102 Ii. Combined surveyors hand level and clinorneter 104 Calipers for measuring diameters 107 Cruisers' tree counter 108 Cruisers' bark blazer log Pressler increment borer 110 Core extracted, showing rings 110 THE WOODSMAN'S HANDBOOK. 1 NTROIJUCTION. The purpose of the Woodsman's Handbook is to give a collection of tables and rules of practical use to lumbermen, foresters, and others intereted in the measurement of wood and timber.The Handbook is not intended as a treatis on forest mensuration, and only such information is included as is deemed of immediate practical value to American woodsmen. More complete dis- cussions of the principles of forest measurements can be found in technical treatises. The first edition of the Handbooka discussed all of the log rules in use in this country and in Canada, or as many of them as were available.Its purpose was to bring the discrepancy in log rules before the public and to urge uniformity in the methods of meas- uring logs.In the present edition, which takes the place of the proposed Part II, only those log rules are described which have value or usagenough to justify special attention.The other rules are mentioned merely for comparisoh.Only three are given in full: The Scribner Decimal Rule, which has been adopted for timber sales on the National Forests; the Doyle Rule, and the Inscribed Square Rule.