WIKIPEDIA IS NOT AN ENCYCLOPEDIA PROF. RICHARD ROGERS WIKIPEDIA IS NOT AN ENCYCLOPEDIA? R. Margritte, 1928-29 M. Foucault, 1983 It is a representation of an encyclopedia It cannot be reduced to an encyclopedia WIKIPEDIA STUDIES Wikipedia as object of study Wikipedia is compared to Encyclopedia Brittanica. Quality; bias. Publicity management tool. As an abnormally vigilant community of free-labourers. As a bureaucracy and as stigmergy. As having a relationship with Google. As 'networked content' co-authored by bots and as 'cultural reference' WIKIPEDIA STUDIES Wikipedia as object of study >Wikipedia is compared to Encyclopedia Brittanica. Quality; bias. Publicity management tool. As an abnormally vigilant community of free-labourers. As a bureaucracy and as stigmergy. As having a relationship with Google. As 'networked content' co-authored by bots and as 'cultural reference' WIKIPEDIA / BRITANNICA COMPARISON Jim Giles, "Internet encyclopedias go head to head," Nature 438, 900-901, 2005. Nature conducted a peer review of 42 entries from Wikipedia and the Encyclopedia Britannica. The results: Only eight serious errors, such as misinterpretations of important concepts, were detected in the pairs of articles reviewed, four from each encyclopaedia. But reviewers also found many factual errors, omissions or misleading statements: 162 and 123 in Wikipedia and Britannica, respectively. WIKIPEDIA STUDIES Wikipedia as object of study Wikipedia is compared to Encyclopedia Brittanica. Quality; bias. >Publicity management tool. As an abnormally vigilant community of free-labourers. As a bureaucracy and as stigmergy. As having a relationship with Google. As 'networked content' co-authored by bots and as 'cultural reference' WIKISCANNER - OUTING CULTURE WikiScanner - De-anonymizing edits to Wikipedia with database mash-up Griffith's WikiScanner FAQ: _The tool's database contains "34,417,493 anonymous [Wikipedia] edits dating from February 7th, 2002 to August 4th, 2007." _Database is constructed "by extracting all anonymous edits from the publicly available Wikipedia database dump (monthly release)." _WikiScanner uses ip2location database that has "2,668,095 different organizations." WIKIPEDIA STUDIES Wikipedia as object of study Wikipedia is compared to Encyclopedia Brittanica. Quality; bias. Publicity management tool. >As an abnormally vigilant community of free-labourers. >As a bureaucracy and as stigmergy. As having a relationship with Google. As 'networked content' co-authored by bots and as 'cultural reference' WIKIPEDIANS AS VIGILANT, FREE LABORERS How is it often studied? As abnormally vigilant workers The editors of Wikipedia are highly vigilant, and able to make revert, maintain and clean up at great speed. "I went, I changed, they conquered." - Alex Halavais describing error insertion experiment (2004) Jon Udell's Heavy Metal Umlaut movie, when he is amazed that vandalism was reverted sometimes only seconds after vandal edit WIKIPEDIA AS RELATED TO GOOGLE How is it often studied? As related to Google The editors of Wikipedia ground the name and existence of subject in Google results. 95% of Wikipedia articles in top ten results in Google. (English-language Wikipedia) Google's knowledge graph makes sue of Wikipedia content, and supposedly depresses traffic to the onine encyclopedia. WIKIPEDIA AS NETWORKED CONTENT How else may it be studied? As networked content The top editors of Wikipedia are bots, followed by humans (with software that sends alerts). Capture Wikipedia data, and enquire into the technicity of content. How dependent is Wikipedia on non-humans? WIKIPEDIA AS CULTURAL REFERENCE Wikipedia as research tool? Studying the politics of memory As articles mature, they may express a national as opposed to neutral point of view. Neutral to whom? How to have language Wikipedia versions show cultural reference? WIKIPEDIA AS CULTURAL REFERENCE Method for the study of Wikipedia as cultural reference Compare article elements and determine their distinctiveness: - title - authors (or editors plus location) - table of contents - references - images Also features native to Wikipedia: - location of the anonymous editors (based on IP address) - templates, revision history and talkpages Referenced hosts in the Srebrencia articles per Wikipedia language version, colored by frequency, and ordered by frequency and by alphabet, 20 December 2010 1 2 3 4 5 6 Serbian Bosnian Dutch Croatian Serbo-Croatian English un.org un.org un.org un.org un.org un.org srebrenica.ba srebrenica.ba icty.org srebrenica.ba srebrenica.ba srebrenica.ba srebrenica- icty.org ic-mp.org groene.nl icty.org icty.org zepa.ba bosnia.org.uk idc.org.ba vandiepen.com bosnia.org.uk srebrenica.nl bosnia.org.uk guardian.co.uk srebrenica-zepa.ba books.google.nl guardian.co.uk vladars.net guardian.co.uk dutchbat.luchtmobiel. ic-mp.org helsinki.org.yu icj-cij.org ic-mp.org nl icj-cij.org hlc.org.yu dutchbat1.com idc.org.ba icj-cij.org emperors- iwpr.net ogrish.com iwpr.net idc.org.ba clothes.com news.bbc.co.uk sense-agency.com nu.nl news.bbc.co.uk iwpr.net nytimes.com vladars.net ochtenden.nl nytimes.com news.bbc.co.uk ohr.int dzemat-oberhausen.de volkskrant.nl ohr.int nytimes.com srebrenica-zepa.ba inzl.unsa.ba vreme.com ohr.int vreme.com preventgenocide.org balkaninsight.com vreme.com srebrenica- 128.121.186.47 bim.ba 128.121.186.47 genocide.blogspot.com b92.net zeneucrnom.org domovina.net b92.net helsinki.org.yu edition.cnn.com balkaninsight.com hlc.org.yu europarl.europa.eu bim.ba news.independent.co.u independent.co.uk domovina.net k ogrish.com newsweek.com edition.cnn.com reuters.com pbs.org europarl.europa.eu slobodan-milosevic.org potocarimc.ba groene.nl SERBO- DUTCH ENGLISH BOSNIAN CROATIAN SERBIAN CROATIAN Burial of 465 identi!ed Bosniaks, Potočari, 2007. Map of the Srebrenica military operations, made by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, with green arrow showing the route of the Bosnian forces. Map of the location of Srebrenica, the Republika Srpska, Bosnia-Herzegovina. Srebrenica-Potočari Memorial and Cemetery, Bosnia-Herzegovina. Grave of a 13-year old Bosniak boy. Ratko Mladic. An exhumed body with blindfold and hands tied behind his back. As of September 2012, the photo has been removed from Wikipedia article. Exhumed grave of victims, 2007. Podrinje Identi!cation Project's facility for storing, processing, and handling exhumed remains.. "UN left 8,000 to die in Bosnia." Headline in The Independent, 30 October 1995. Satellite photo of Nova Kasaba mass grave. International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Den Haag, the Netherlands. Srebrenica Genocide Memorial Stone at Potočari, with the victim count of 8,372. Skull exhumed outside of Potočari, July 2007. Wall of names at the Srebrenica Genocide Memorial. War-damaged buildings in Srebrenica. The Bosniak enclaves of Srebrenica and Zepa, declared safe areas by the U.N. in 1993. WIKIPEDIA STUDIES Wikipedia as object of study Wikipedia is compared to Encyclopedia Brittanica. Quality; bias. Publicity management tool. As an abnormally vigilant community of free-labourers. As a bureaucracy and as stigmergy. As having a relationship with Google. As 'networked content' co-authored by bots and as 'cultural reference' .