American Mineralogist, Volume 83, pages 1335±1339, 1998 Rubicline, a new feldspar from San Piero in Campo, Elba, Italy DAVID K. TEERTSTRA,1 PETR CÏ ERNYÂ ,1 FRANK C. HAWTHORNE,1,* JULIE PIER,2 LU-MIN WANG,2,² and RODNEY C. EWING2,² 1Department of Geological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2 2Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-1116, U.S.A. ABSTRACT The rubidium analogue of microcline, rubicline, (Rb,K)AlSi3O8, ideally RbAlSi3O8, was found in a pollucite-bearing rare-element pegmatite at San Piero in Campo, Elba, Italy. Rubicline is the ®rst mineral with rubidium as an essential constituent. It occurs as abundant but small (#50 mm) rounded grains in 1±2 cm wide veins of rubidian microcline (6 albite, muscovite, quartz, and apatite) that crosscut pollucite. Rubicline is brittle, transparent, and colorless. Refractive indices are slightly higher than those of the host microcline. The birefringence is low (1st order gray interference colors), and crys- tals are apparently untwinned. In thin and polished sections, cleavage passes through both the host microcline and grains of rubicline; by analogy with microcline, the cleavage is {001} perfect and {010} good. Determination of additional physical properties is hindered by an average grain size of 20 mm, heterogeneous composition, and structural coherency of rubicline with the enveloping microcline. Rubicline is triclinic, probable space group P1, with a 5 8.81(3), b 5 13.01(3) c 5 7.18(4) AÊ , a590.3(1), b5 115.7(3), g588.2(1)8, V 5 741 AÊ 3,Z5 4, and axial ratios a:b:c of 0.677:1:0.577 (calculated from electron-diffraction data). Chemical analysis by electron microprobe gave 58.68 SiO2, 16.48 Al2O3, 6.23 K2O, 17.47 Rb2O, 0.92 Cs2O, 0.12 Fe2O3, sum 99.90 wt% and the formula (Rb0.574K0.407Cs0.020)S1.001(Al0.993Fe0.005)Si3.001O8. Rubicline is, in many cases, structurally coherent with the host microcline; it formed by exsolution from a (K,Na,Rb)-enriched precursor, followed possibly by ¯uid-induced modi®cation. INTRODUCTION of structural characterization. The small size, the similar- The granitic pegmatites of Elba, Italy, contain various ity of rubicline to microcline in thin section, and the sim- rare-element minerals and are a source of valuable gem- ilar X-ray powder-diffraction patterns probably hindered stock (Orlandi and Scortecci 1985). Pollucite and petalite earlier identi®cation. By electron microprobe, the energy were ®rst described from Elba (Breithaupt 1846). Foitite dispersive (EDS) RbLa peak is hidden under the SiKa was recently discovered in the Filone-Rosina aplite-peg- peak, leaving only wavelength dispersive (WDS) analysis matite dyke, which has produced many ®ne specimens of and backscattered electron (BSE) imaging as methods of tourmaline (Pezzotta et al. 1996). During systematic study detecting rubicline. However, the rubicline structure was of the minerals that form part of the typical sequence of shown to be similar to that of triclinic (Al,Si)-ordered alteration of pollucite, several occurrences of Rb-domi- microcline using high-resolution transmission electron nant feldspars were found (Teertstra et al. 1998a). These microscopy (HRTEM) on the Elba material. The new represent the ®rst mineral(s) in which rubidium is an es- mineral and name have been approved by the Commis- sential constituent. sion on New Minerals and Mineral Names, IMA. The Rubidium-dominant feldspar is relatively widespread original sample was a single unregistered fragment from in the core zones of complex (Li,Cs,Rb)-enriched rare- the Ecole des Mines, Paris collection. Two halves of the element granitic pegmatites that contain Rb-rich potassi- type material are deposited in the R.B. Ferguson Museum um feldspars associated with pollucite. However, in the of Mineralogy, University of Manitoba under catalogue dozen-or-so pegmatites in which feldspars with Rb . K numbers M 6980 and M 6981. were identi®ed, small grain size, optical similarity to mi- crocline, and structural coherency with host microcline OCCURRENCE precluded manual separation of rubicline for the purpose The Monte Capanne monzogranitic pluton is well ex- posed at the western end of the island of Elba, Tyrrhenian * E-mail: [email protected] ² Present address: Department of Nuclear Engineering and Ra- Sea, Italy. Numerous rare-element pegmatites occur along diological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI the eastern margin of the pluton, but pollucite is known 48109-2104, U.S.A. only from the pegmatite veins near San Piero in Campo; 0003±004X/98/1112±1335$05.00 1335 1336 TEERSTRA ET AL.: RUBICLINE, A NEW FELDSPAR Our sample of pollucite follows the typical sequence of alteration of pollucite from other localities (Teertstra et al. 1993): coarse (1±2 cm wide) veining by coarse- grained lepidolite and microcline (6 muscovite), ®ne (1± 2 mm wide) veining by ®ne-grained muscovite (6 spod- umene), local metasomatic replacement by untwinned non-perthitic near-Or100 adularia, followed by late anal- cimization, leaching, and argillization. Numerous small (,20±50 mm) grains of rubicline (1 quartz) occur in 1±2 cm wide veins of twinned microcline (1 muscovite with 1.4±1.7 wt% Rb2O, albite Ab100, and minor apatite with 4.1 wt% MnO) which crosscut pollu- cite (Figs. 1A±1C). The host microcline has patchy dis- tributions of 0.11±0.35 wt% Na2O, 0.90±3.39 wt% Rb2O, and 0.10±0.31 wt% Cs2O; most microcline is P-free, but FIGURE 1. BSE images of rubicline from Elba: (A) Large local concentrations reach 0.35 wt% P2O5. Average Rb2O grain of rubicline (white) 1 quartz (black) in microcline (dark content of the microcline corresponds to approximately 5 gray); (B) Rubicline (white) including grains of quartz (black) in mol% Rbf (rubidium feldspar). Rubicline also occurs microcline (gray) associated with albite (black) and muscovite with albite, and locally forms thin (,5 mm wide) veinlets (mottled dark gray); (C) Rubicline (white) 1 quartz (black) in in microcline (Fig. 1D). Minor quantities of (Rb,K)-rich microcline (gray) in contact with Rb-free adularia (dark gray) at feldspar occur with metasomatic untwinned adularia (1 margins; (D) Veinlet of rubicline (white) in microcline (gray) and cookeite) that overgrows microcline and replaces micro- small grains of rubicline (white) associated with albite (black). cline and pollucite along grain boundaries (Fig. 1C). The adularia is Na-, P-, and Rb-free with BaO # 0.16 wt% these include La Speranza, Fonte del Prete, Filone della and SrO # 0.16 wt%. The adularian (Rb,K)-rich feldspar Speranza, and Masso Foresi (Orlandi and Scortecci is Na- and P-free with 8.45±18.86 wt% Rb2O and 0.17± 1985). The sample investigated here (Ecole des Mines, 1.69 wt% Cs2O (Table 1). Paris) is probably from the La Speranza dyke. In the Elba granitic pegmatites, pollucite occurs at the margins of PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES miarolitic cavities, in association with primary micro- Rubicline is brittle, transparent, and colorless. Refrac- cline, albite, muscovite, quartz, and elbaite; it is strongly tive indices are slightly higher than those of the host mi- corroded and locally overgrown by late-stage zeolites. crocline as determined by Becke-line tests in thin section. TABLE 1. Representative compositions of K-Rb feldspars from San Piero in Campo, Elba, Italy Oxide 12345678 SiO2 63.34 64.00 58.68 60.77 58.42 56.96 64.80 57.89 Al2O3 18.25 18.12 16.48 17.27 15.84 16.32 18.24 16.65 P2O5 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 Na2O 0.30 0.14 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 K2O 15.60 15.51 6.23 10.35 4.16 3.75 16.56 5.08 Rb2O 0.90 1.66 17.47 10.90 19.61 21.55 0.00 18.86 Cs2O 0.25 0.22 0.92 0.38 1.37 1.10 0.02 0.78 SrO 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.09 0.08 0.02 0.07 BaO 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Sum 98.89 99.74 99.90 99.72 99.49 99.76 99.65 99.33 Si 2.980 2.999 3.001 2.996 3.032 2.990 3.006 2.991 Al 1.012 1.001 0.991 1.003 0.969 1.010 0.997 1.014 P 0.010 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Na 0.027 0.013 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 K 0.936 0.927 0.407 0.651 0.276 0.251 0.980 0.335 Rb 0.027 0.050 0.574 0.345 0.654 0.727 0.000 0.626 Cs 0.005 0.004 0.020 0.008 0.030 0.025 0.000 0.017 Sr 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.003 0.002 0.000 0.002 Ba 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 SM 0.995 0.996 1.000 1.007 0.963 1.005 0.980 0.980 M1 0.995 0.998 1.000 1.008 0.966 1.007 0.980 0.982 2 TO2 1.002 1.001 0.998 1.003 0.969 1.010 0.997 1.014 ST 4.002 4.001 3.999 3.999 4.001 4.000 4.004 4.008 Si/Al 2.99 3.00 3.00 2.99 3.13 2.96 3.02 2.94 Note: Atomic contents based on 8 atoms of oxygen.