https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ Theses Digitisation: https://www.gla.ac.uk/myglasgow/research/enlighten/theses/digitisation/ This is a digitised version of the original print thesis. Copyright and moral rights for this work are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This work cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Enlighten: Theses https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] Polish Foreign Policy Between East and West, 1989-2004 Ay§e Artun Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in the Department of Central and East European Studies University of Glasgow March 2007 Ay§e Artun, 2007 ProQuest Number: 10390705 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10390705 Published by ProQuest LLO (2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLO. ProQuest LLO. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.Q. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 4 8 1 0 6 - 1346 GLASGOW UNIVERSITY yUüaHARY: Abstract After Poland assumed a pro-Western orientation following the end of the communist regime in 1989, its immediate foreign policy goals became to join NATO and the EU. The Importance of Poland’s relations with the newly emerging states in the ex-Soviet region lagged behind in the foreign policy agenda. While there was political consensus among the policy making elite and the populace about Poland's integration into Western structures and necessary resources and efforts were channelled to this end, challenges posed by the transformation in Poland’s East was dealt with in a piecemeal fashion, devoid of a coherent conceptual Eastern policy framework and a strong institutional backing. However, as Poland’s prospects of Joining NATO and the EU became more secure, Eastern policy was increasingly debated in intellectual and academic circles and foreign policy makers searched for a more structured and robust response to the challenges brought about by relations with Poland’s Eastern neighbours. Poland’s Eastern policy has progressed since the early 1990s when its existence was doubted and became an important dimension of Poland’s foreign policy and after joining the EU in 2004, Polish policy makers even contemplated how Poland’s Eastern policy could influence and even shape the EU’s relations with its Eastern neighbours. This study investigates the factors that contributed to the formation of an Eastern policy concept and domestic and International determinants that shaped Poland’s relations with Its Eastern neighbours. It presents how Polish foreign policy responded to a changing regional and international environment and gives an account of Poland’s accession process to NATO and the EU and concurrent development of relations with the Eastern neighbours, it explores the legal framework and institutions that take part in foreign policy making and execution and offers an analysis of 20’’^ century historical currents and Intellectual and academic debates on EP. Poland’s bilateral relations with Russia, Ukraine and Belarus constitute the main case studies where the impact on relations of domestic political discourses in Poland, the EU and NATO enlargement, economic and investment links, regional energy politics and the role of minorities and historical heritage are examined. As well as extensive primary and secondary sources, the study utilises in-depth interviews with high level Polish policy makers, academics and businessmen undertaken during fieldwork in Poland. -1% Acknowledgements I :':S My supervisor, Professor Stephen L. White, has given me invaluable advice and guidance and has been very supportive and encouraging all the way through. It is difficult to overstate my gratitude for him. It was a privilege to work with him. I am also grateful to my previous supervisors, the late Professor George Blazyca and Professor John Lowenhardt, " -;3 for their valuable contributions to this thesis. I 1 would like to express my gratitude to a number of people who made my field trip in Poland possible and fruitful; Dr. John Fells of Central European University arranged a six ■ months fellowship for me at his institute. Agnieszka and Adrian Filip spoiled me with their hospitality and helped me with my interviews in Warsaw. Beata Jazwiec and her family have given me constant inspiration to study Poland. Dr Yelena Smirnova helped me with W linguistic matters. I am especially grateful to Maria Kuc, my Polish teacher, for helping me arrange interviews with key people in Warsaw and being a friend in need. Thanks are also due to all my interviewees whose names are listed in the Bibliography section. i I am indebted to Professor Norman Davies and Dr Maria Korzeniewicz Davies for their help and encouragement. I will always remember their kindness and support. 1 would like to thank Dr Müge Kinacioglu for her advice, especially on matters relating to international relations theory and Dr Julia Korosteleva for our discussions about Belarus. Personal thanks are due to Sedef Kinacioglu for her hospitality in London, to Drs Clelia Rontoyanni, Derek Hutcheson, Nordica Nettleton and Lea Haro for their friendship and encouragement. My family in Glasgow, Sally and Richard Gallagher, have looked after me since the day I arrived in Scotland and I do not think I would be able to complete this thesis without their love and support. 1 can not find words to express my gratitude for them. I would like to acknowledge the Department of Central and East European Studies and Universities UK for the financial support which made it possible for me to undertake doctoral studies in Glasgow. 1 would like to thank my husband, Réjean Dupuis, for his companionship, support throughout difficult times and help with editing this thesis. I also wish to thank my family in Turkey and Germany for their constant love, patience and encouragement. I would like to dedicate this thesis to my mother, Oya Artun, to whom 1 owe everything. 3 a a Table of Contents A bstract................................................................................................................................................ ii Acknowledgements........................ ill Table of Contents.............................................................................. Iv List of Tables.....................................................................................................................................vii List of Figures.....................................................................................................................................vii à List of Acronyms.............................................................................................................................. viii Chapter - One Introduction ............................................................................................................1 1.1 PRESENTATION AND THE SCOPE OF RESEARCH....................................................1 1.2 THE STUDY OF FOREIGN POLICY............................... 3 1.2.1 System level theories.....................................................................................................4 1.2.2 State level theories..................................... 7 1.2.3 Individual level theories................................................................................................. 9 1.3 OVERVIEW OF CHAPTERS.............................................................................................. 10 1.4 SOURCES USED............... 13 f 1.4.1 Secondary sources....................................................................................................... 13 1.4.2 Primary sources.............................................................................................................16 1.4.3 Interviews....................................................................................................................... 17 Chapter Two - Poland’s Relations with its West and East, 1989-2004...........................19 2.1 FROM THE END OF THE COMMUNIST RULE TO THE EUROPE AGREEMENT, 1989-1991 .................................................................................................................................... 20 2.1.1 Poland’s westward tu rn ....................... 20 2.1.2 Eastern neighbours declare independence................... 22 2.1.3 Association with the EC ..................... 24 2.2 RATIFICATION OF THE EUROPE AGREEMENT. 1991-1994 ......................... 26 2.3 THE BEGINNINGS OF POLISH EASTERN POLICY ................................................... 29 2.4 FROM ASSOCIATION TO ACCESSION NEGOTIATIONS, 1994-1998..................... 31 | 2.4.1 Implementation of the Europe Agreement................................................................31