Monographs of the Víctor Grífols 30 The ethic of care i Lucas Foundation Carol Gilligan The ethic of care Monographs of the Víctor Grífols 30 5238/1 17/10/13 30 i Lucas Foundation The ethic of care Carol Gilligan Monographs of the Víctor Grífols i Lucas Foundation The ethic of care Nº 30 (2013) Published by: Fundació Víctor Grífols i Lucas. c/ Jesús i Maria, 6 - 08022 Barcelona [email protected] www.fundaciogrifols.org Monographs of the Víctor Grífols 30 ISBN 978-84-695-8719-5 i Lucas Foundation SUMMARY Page Introduction Victoria Camps . 7 Moral .injury .and .the .ethic .of .care Carol Gilligan . 10 Resisting .injustice: .a .feminist .ethic .of .care Carol Gilligan . 38 Contributions .to .panel .discussion Introduction Montserrat Busquets . 64 The .work .of .caring: .from .a .traditional .obligation .to .a .social .right Lluís Flaquer . 68 Caring .and .everyday .life Teresa Torns . 80 Nursing .care: .four .images .of .the .ethic .of .care Maria Eulàlia Juvé . 89 Caring .for .a .sick .person: .account .of .a .real .experience Germán Diestre . 95 . About .the .author . .Carol Gilligan . 101 Publications . 102 5 INTRODUCTION When .she .developed .the .concept .of .the .ethic .of .care, .Carol .Gilligan .success- fully .challenged .the .conceptual .framework .of .patriarchy, .and .created .a .new . paradigm .that .expanded .our .notion .of .ethics .and .democracy . .This .paradigm . was .destined .to .overturn .the .hierarchical, .binary .gender .model .that .had, .for . centuries, .defined .the .meaning .and .functions .of .masculinity .and .femininity . In .her .book .In a Different Voice, .she .challenged .Kohlberg’s .theory .of .moral . development, .arguing .that .the .patriarchy .had .deliberately .set .out .to .ignore . the .voice .of .women .and .to .establish .parameters .that .stifled .people’s .deepest . feelings .merely .because .they .did .not .correspond .to .“what .ought .to .be .said” . By .directly .studying .and .analysing .girls’ .feelings .and .thoughts, .Gilligan .dis- covered .the .value .of .caring: .a .value .– .as .she .argues .in .her .book .– .that .should . be just. as. important. as. justice,. but. that. was. not. viewed. as. such. because. it. was. developed .solely .in .the .private, .domestic .life .of .which .women .were .the .pro- tagonists . As .often .happens .to .those .who .coin .a .new .term .that .succeeds .in .explaining . some .aspect .of .reality .that .had .previously .been .ignored, .Gilligan .has .dedi- cated .much .of .her .subsequent .professional .life .to .expanding .upon .the .con- cept .of .caring . .The .two .lectures .she .gave .in .Barcelona .under .the .auspices .of . the Josep. Egozcue. Lectures. address. the. relationship. between. the. ethic. of. care. and . what . Gilligan . refers . to . as . “moral . injury” . and . “resisting . injustice” . In . both, .she .places .particular .emphasis .on .the .need .for .a .paradigm .shift .if .we . are .to .keep .sight .of .something .as .important .to .the .well-being .of .the .individ- ual . and . of . society . as . the . capacity . to . love . and . to . generate . mutual . trust . Democracy . is . based . on . equality, . but . the . patriarchal . model . excluded . love . between .equals, .and .interpersonal .relationships .became .harsh, .hostile .and . hypocritical .If . the. ethic. of. care. remains. under. threat,. it. is. because. patriarchy. is .refusing .to .give .up .its .position .of .power: .because .society .continues .to .be . patriarchal . Gilligan .insists .on .the .need .to .make .the .obligations .of .care .universal . .Her . perspective .is .not .and .never .has .been .an .essentialist .one .– .that .women .fill . 7 The ethic of care certain .roles .as .a .result .of .their .biology .and .men .fill .other .roles .as .a .result .of . cloud .has .a .silver .lining! .We .should .not .be .surprised .that, .in .a .world .full .of . theirs .– .but .this .is .something .she .has .to .continue .to .emphasize .in .order .to . faults and. errors,. these. should. weigh. most. heavily. upon. the. shoulders. of. men,. prevent . others . from . misinterpreting . her . Care . is . not . a . women’s . issue . but . and .that .women’s .culture .is .able .to .offer .something .positive .that .has .hitherto . rather .a .question .of .human .interests . .Indeed, .given .that .we .all .have .a .mind . been .neglected .due .to .the .biased .perspective .of .patriarchy . and a. body,. powers. of. reason. and. emotions,. empathy. with. our. fellow. human. Moral .injury .consists .of .the .destruction .of .trust .and .the .loss .of .the .capacity . beings .should .be .something .we .take .for .granted . .And .yet .we .find .that .the . to .love . .One .ceases .to .resist .injustice .when .the .capacity .for .empathy .is .lost . capacity .for .empathy .is .easily .lost . .Why .is .this? This .is .why .justice .must .be .complemented .by .care . .To .understand .what .this . Gilligan .arrives .at .this .question .through .a .desire .to .listen .to .the .“different . means, .we .need .to .see .that .the .conflict .is .not .one .between .justice .and .care, . voice” .of .women, .who .are .generally .better .than .men .at .combining .reason . but .rather .between .democracy .and .patriarchy . .Justice .and .care .are .equally . and emotion. .We . must. reject. essentialism. and. the. simplistic. and. absurd. clas. - important .and .universally .applicable, .but .democracy .(and .with .it .the .desire . sification .according .to .which .man .is .autonomous .and .woman .is .relational, . for .justice) .are .threatened .by .the .survival .of .patriarchy . .Gilligan .summarizes . man is. rational. and. woman. sentimental. .The . difference. between. genders. has. this .with .great .clarity .in .the .following .memorable .sentence: .“Within .a .patri- nothing .to .do .either .with .essences .or .with .biology, .but .rather .with .the .fact . archal .framework, .care .is .a .feminine .ethic; .within .a .democratic .framework, . that the. women. interviewed. had. less. difficulty. in. transgressing. the. dominant. care .is .a .human .ethic .” . conceptual .framework .and .moving .beyond .the .system .imposed .by .patriar- This sentiment. was. shared. by. the. four. other. contributors. to. the. Josep. Egozcue. chy . .The .ascendancy .of .patriarchy .eclipsed .women’s .desire .to .speak .in .their . Lectures, .each .of .whom .addressed .a .different .aspect .of .care . .The .value .and . own .voice . .Recovering .this .voice, .expressing .it .publicly, .is .both .a .release .and . importance .of .the .concept .becomes .clear .when .we .consider .the .scope .of .the . part .of .an .endeavour .to .maintain .our .moral .integrity . .As .a .psychologist, .Gil- social .meanings .it .has .acquired . .Care .is .present .in .the .family, .in .the .clinical . ligan .has .analysed .in .depth .the .reasons .why .children .hide .what .they .really . relationship and. in. our. daily. lives. .Lluís . Flaquer,. Teresa. Torns,. Germán. Dies. - feel .or .think, .and .limit .themselves .to .saying .“what .they .think .they .are .meant . tre .and .Eulàlia .Juvé .offered .a .clear .and .rigorous .analysis .of .the .dimensions .of . to .say” . .In .behaving .like .this, .they .conceal .their .empathy .in .favour .of .other . care, .and .their .contributions .are .also .included .in .this .publication . values that. are. more. widely. recognized. and,. more. importantly,. are. associated. Victoria Camps with . the . authentic . exercise . of . masculinity . or . femininity . Throughout . her . President work, . both . empirical . and . theoretical, . Gilligan . has . striven . to . reveal . the . mechanisms . that . hide . people’s . most . intimate . feelings . and . push . them . towards behaving. in. a. hypocritical. manner. .Revealing . the. value. of. caring. and. of . empathy . is . “the . most . radical . liberation . in . the . history . of . humanity” . A . liberation . which . is . both . moral . and . psychological, . because . psychological . problems .arise .when .people .are .unable .to .say .what .they .feel . In .this .liberation, .the .voices .of .women .are .crucial .because .they .call .attention . to the. change. of. model. that. we. so. desperately. need. .This . is. what. feminism. has. done .so .far . .Precisely .because .they .have .been .oppressed .for .so .long, .women . are more. inclined. to. recognize. the. falseness. of. the. patriarchal. narrative. .Every . 8 9 Moral injury and the ethic of care Carol Gilligan The ethic of care It .is .forty .years .now .since .John .Berger .wrote, .“Never .again .will .a .single .story . between .the .experience .of .relationship .– .being .in .touch .with .another .person . be told. as. though. it’s. the. only. one. .” It. is. thirty. years. since. In. a Different Voice – and. the. appearance. of. relationship,. when. someone. who. appears. to. be. relat. - recast the. conversation. about. self. and. morality. as. a. conversation. about. voice. ing .to .them .is .in .fact .out .of .touch 4. and .relationships . .It .is .fifteen .years .since .Arundhati .Roy .in .her .novel .The With .these .observations, .questions .about .development .reverse . .Rather .than . God of Small Things .coined .the .phrase .‘Love .Laws’ .for .the .laws .that .establish . asking how. do. we. gain. the. capacity. to. care,. how. do. we. learn. to. take. the. point. “Who .should .be .loved . .And .how . .And .how .much .” .And .showed .that .these . of view. of. the. other. and. overcome. the. pursuit. of. self-interest,.