No. C17-2893-1 In the Supreme Court of the United States _________ COWBOY CHURCH OF LIMA, Petitioner, v. FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY, W. Craig Fugate, Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, Respondents. _________ ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTEENTH CIRCUIT _________ BRIEF FOR PETITIONER _________ TEAM 51 Counsel of Record ____________________________________________________________________________ [THIS PAGE PRINTED ON LIGHT BLUE PAPER] QUESTIONS PRESENTED I. Whether the Federal Emergency Management Agency can be subject to lawsuits prior to determining whether an entity is eligible to receive disaster relief or whether such lawsuit is barred by the doctrine of ripeness when the Cowboy Church raises a constitutional challenge to a longstanding agency policy that would bar the applicant from receiving full relief on the basis of its religious character. II. Whether extending disaster relief benefits to the Cowboy Church of Lima under the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s Public Assistance Program would violate the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment when the stated purpose of the Public Assistance Program is to provide disaster relief in a fair and equitable manner and when the current policy would bar houses of worship from receiving full relief on the basis of their religious character. i TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page(s) QUESTIONS PRESENTED…………………………………………………………..………i TABLE OF AUTHORITIES…………………………………………………………………..v OPINIONS BELOW…………………………………………………………………….……..2 STATEMENT OF JURISDICTION…………………………………………………………3 STATUTORY PROVISIONS INVOLVED………………………………………………….4 STATEMENT OF THE CASE………………………………………………………………..5 SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT………………………………………………………..15 ARGUMENT…………………………………………………………………………..………18 I. THIS COURT SHOULD REVERSE THE DECISION OF THE FOURTEENTH CIRCUIT BECAUSE THE COWBOY CHURCH RAISES A PURELY LEGAL ISSUE, INDEPENDENT OF FURTHER FACTUAL DETERMINATION, AND THE COURT’S FAILURE TO REVIEW THE COWBOY CHURCH’S CLAIM WOULD RESULT IN SUBSTANTIAL HARSHIP………………………………………………………....18 A. The Cowboy Church’s Claim is Fit for Judicial Review Because the Constitutional Issue it Raises is Purely Legal and FEMA’s Discriminatory Policy is Sufficiently Final.……………………………....20 1. The Cowboy Church Presents a Purely Legal Issue and Further Factual Development is Neither Helpful Nor Necessary for the Court to Determine the Constitutionality of FEMA’s Religious Exclusion Practice....….21 2. FEMA’s Discriminatory Policy was Final Agency Action under Section 10 of the Administrative Procedure Act because it was Not a Tentative Recommendation but a Final Agency Determination…………………………23 ii B. By Withholding Consideration, the Cowboy Church has not only Been Substantially Harmed, but it Continues to be Substantially Harmed as Long as its Claim Remains Unresolved……………………………………………………………………..29 C. The Cowboy Church’s Claim is Not a Political Question and it is Wholly Within this Court’s Jurisdiction to Review……………………...33 II. FEMA WAS NOT ENTITLED TO SUMMARY JUDGMENT ON THE COWBOY CHURCH’S CLAIM BECAUSE EXTENDING FEMA RELIEF TO THE COWBOY CHURCH WOULD NOT VIOLATE THE ESTABLISHMENT CLAUSE OF THE FIRST AMENDMENT AND FEMA’S CURRENT POLICY VIOLATES THE FREE EXERCISE CLAUSE OF THE FIRST AMENDMENT………………………………………..36 A. The Establishment Clause Does Not Bar the Cowboy Church from Receiving Relief Under FEMA’s PA Program Under Well- Established First Amendment Precedent………………………………...37 1. Providing Disaster Relief to Religious Institutions Would Not Violate the First Prong of the Lemon Test Because FEMA’s PA Program has a Secular Purpose…………………..…40 2. Providing Disaster Relief to Religious Institutions Would Not Violate the Second Prong of the Lemon Test Because It Would Not Have the Principal or Primary Effect of Advancing or Inhibiting Religion…………………………………..43 3. Providing Disaster Relief to Religious Institutions Would Not Violate the Third Prong of the Lemon Test Because it Would Not Foster Excessive Government Entanglement with Religion…………………………………………………………..47 B. FEMA’s Policy Violates the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment Because it Categorically Denies Full Relief for the Cowboy Church and Other Religious Institutions………………………49 C. The Justification for Extending Disaster Relief to the Cowboy Church is Grounded in Sound Public Policy Interests that Highlight the State’s Interest in Supporting Religious Institutions and Promoting a Mutually Beneficial Relationship……..53 CONCLUSION…………………………………………...…………………..…….………...57 iii CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE……………………………………………...…….….58 APPENDIX A……………………………………………………………………..….……….59 APPENDIX B…………………………………………………………………..…….……….60 APPENDIX C…………………………………………………………………..…….……….61 iv TABLE OF AUTHORITIES Cases Page(s) 281 Care Committee v. Arneson, 638 F.3d 621 (8th Cir. 2011)..............................................................................32 Abbott Labs. v. Gardner, 387 U.S. 136 (1967)....................................................................................Passim Agostini v. Felton, 521 U.S. 203 (1997)............................................................................................48 Am. Atheists, Inc. v. City of Detroit Downtown Dev. Auth., 567 F.3d 278 (6th Cir. 2009)........................................................................53, 54 Am. Atheists, Inc. v. Port Auth. of N.Y and N.J., 760 F.3d 227 (2d Cir 2014).................................................................................39 American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee v. Reno, 70 F.3d 1045 (9th Cir. 1995)..............................................................................32 Baker v. Carr, 369 U.S. 186 (1962)............................................................................................33 Bd. of Ed. of Kiryas Joel Vill. Sch. Dist. v. Grumet, 512 U.S. 687 (1994)............................................................................................43 Beaulieu v. City of Alabaster, 454 F.3d 1219 (11th Cir. 2006)..........................................................................32 Bennett v. Spear, 520 U.S. 154 (1997)......................................................................................20, 24 Bob Jones Univ. v. United States, 461 U.S. 574 (1983)............................................................................................49 Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of U.S., Inc., 466 U.S. 485 (1984)............................................................................................36 Bowen v. Kendrick, 487 U.S. 589 (1988)....................................................................................Passim v Bradfield v. Roberts, 175 U.S. 291 (1899)......................................................................................40, 42 Cal. ex rel. Lockyer v. U.S. Dep’t of Agriculture, 575 F.3d 999 (9th Cir. 2009)..............................................................................18 Cal.-Nev. Methodist Homes, Inc. v. F.E.M.A., 152 F. Supp. 2d 1202 (N.D. Cal. 2001)..............................................................26 Campbell v. Office of Pers. Mgmt., 694 F.2d 305 (3d Cir. 1982)................................................................................26 Capital Square Review and Advisory Bd. v. Pinette, 515 U.S. 753 (1995)............................................................................................47 Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye, Inc. v. City of Hialeah, 508 U.S. 520 (1993)......................................................................................50, 52 Ciba-Geigy Corp. v. E.P.A., 801 F.2d 430 (D.C. Cir. 1986)............................................................................20 Comer v. Scott, 610 F.3d 929 (5th Cir. 2010)..............................................................................39 Cooksey v. Futrell, 721 F.3d 226 (4th Cir. 2013)..............................................................................31 Corp. of Presiding Bishop of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints v. Amos, 483 U.S. 327 (1987)................................................................................41, 43, 48 Currence v. City of Cincinnati, 28 F. App’x. 438 (6th Cir. 2001).........................................................................31 Doe ex rel. Doe v. Elmbrook Sch. Dist., 687 F.3d 840 (7th Cir. 2012)........................................................................39, 47 Dougherty v. Town of North Hempstead Bd. of Zoning Appeals, 282 F.3d 83 (2d Cir. 2002)..................................................................................31 Edwards v. South Carolina, 372 U.S. 229 (1963)............................................................................................36 El Dia, Inc. v. Hernandez Colon, 963 F.2d 488 (1st Cir. 1992)...............................................................................31 vi Elrod v. Burns, 427 U.S. 347 (1976)............................................................................................31 Everson v. Bd. of Ed. of Ewing, 330 U.S. 1 (1947)..............................................................................40, 41, 46, 51 Felix v. City of Bloomfield, 841 F.3d 848 (10th Cir. 2016)............................................................................39 N.E. Fla. Chapter of Assoc. Gen. Contractors of Am. v. City of Jacksonville, 508 U.S. 656 (1993)......................................................................................31, 38 Forest Hills Early Learning Ctr., Inc. v. Grace