Find all of this to study from at https://quizlet.com/364816173/english-251-definitions-flash-cards/ (Password: billy251) Definitions Sonic Effects Alliterations: the occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely ​ ​ connected words Assonance: in poetry, the repetition of the sound of a vowel or diphthong in nonrhyming ​ ​ stressed syllables near enough to each other for the echo to be discernible (e.g., penitence, ​ ​ reticence ). ​ "the use of assonance throughout the poem creates the sound of despair" Cacophany: a harsh discordant mixture of sounds. ​ ​ Consonance: agreement or compatibility between opinions or actions. ​ ​ Euphony: the quality of being pleasing to the ear, especially through a harmonious combination ​ ​ of words. Onomatopoeia: the quality of being pleasing to the ear, especially through a harmonious ​ ​ combination of words. Rhyme (prosody): correspondence of sound between words or the endings of words, especially ​ ​ when these are used at the ends of lines of poetry. Rhythm (ditto): a strong, regular, repeated pattern of movement or sound. ​ ​ the systematic arrangement of musical sounds, principally according to duration and periodic stress. Rhetorical elements and strategies “Pathetic fallacy”: the attribution of human feelings and responses to inanimate things or ​ ​ animals, especially in art and literature. Pathos: a quality that evokes pity or sadness; focuses on emotion in writing (ethos pathos logos) ​ ​ Personification: the attribution of a personal nature or human characteristics to something ​ ​ nonhuman, or the representation of an abstract quality in human form. Simile: a figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing with another thing of a different ​ ​ kind, used to make a description more emphatic or vivid (e.g., as brave as a lion, crazy like a ​ ​ ​ fox). ​ Symbol: a mark or character used as a conventional representation of an object, function, or ​ ​ process, e.g. the letter or letters standing for a chemical element or a character in musical notation. Synecdoche: Synecdoche is a literary device in which a part of something represents the whole, ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ or it may use a whole to represent a part. Synecdoche may also use larger groups to refer to ​ ​ smaller groups, or vice versa Synesthesia: the production of a sense impression relating to one sense or part of the body by ​ ​ stimulation of another sense or part of the body. Tone: Tone, in written composition, is an attitude of a writer toward a subject or an audience. ​ ​ ​ Tone is generally conveyed through the choice of words, or the viewpoint of a writer on a ​ particular subject. ... The tone can be formal, informal, serious, comic, sarcastic, sad, or cheerful, ​ ​ or it may be any other existing attitude. Allegory: a piece of literature (poem, picture, story, etc) that can be interpreted to reveal a ​ ​ hidden meaning within the text, typically a moral or political one. Allusion: a brief and indirect reference to a person, place, thing or idea of historical, cultural, ​ literary or political significance. Analogy: a comparison in which the idea or thing is compared to another thing that is different ​ from it and more familiar to the intended audience. It aims to help explain the idea more clearly or extensively. Apostrophe: a literary device is when a speaker breaks off from addressing one party and ​ instead addresses a third party. This third party may be an individual, either present or absent in the scene. It is a figure of speech that sometimes can be represented by an exclamation. Bathos: Bathos is the act of a writer or a poet falling into inconsequential and absurd metaphors, ​ descriptions, or ideas in an effort to be increasingly emotional or passionate. Conceit: a figure of speech in which two vastly different objects are likened together with the ​ help of similes or metaphors. Examples of conceit have a surprising or shocking effect on the readers. Euphemism: polite, indirect expressions that replace words and phrases considered harsh and ​ impolite, or which suggest something unpleasant. Hyperbole: an unreal exaggeration to emphasize the real situation. ​ Irony: it is a difference between appearance and reality. There are three types. ​ Verbal: when a character uses a statement with underlying meanings that contrast with its literal ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ meaning Situational: when incongruity appears between expectations of something to happen, and what ​ actually happens instead Dramatic: useful plot device for creating situations in which the audience knows more about the ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ situations, the causes of conflicts, and their resolutions before the leading characters or actors. Litotes: is a figure of speech that employs an understatement by using double negatives or, in ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ other words, a positive statement expressed by negating its opposite expressions. Logos: a statement, sentence, or argument used to convince or persuade the targeted audience by ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ employing reason or logic Metaphor: used to express a variety of emotions, images, and expressions by combining and ​ comparing to different objects or situation. Metonymy: figure of speech that replaces the name of a thing with the name of something else ​ ​ ​ with which it is closely associated. Oxymoron: a figure of speech in which two opposite ideas are joined to create an effect. ​ Paradox: a seemingly absurd or self-contradictory statement or proposition that when ​ ​ investigated or explained may prove to be well founded or true. ​ Examples Allegory: The Lion the Witch, and the Wardrobe. (This is a religious allegory where Aslan ​ represents Christ, the Whit Witch represents evil, Edmund reprents Judas, etc.) Allusion: Ha, okay Einstein. (Refering to someone who isn’t ACTUALLY Albert Einstein, but ​ just saying that they’re acting smart.) Analogy: Men and women are like right and left hands--equal, but not the same. ​ Apostrophe: “Twinkle, twinkle, little star, How I wonder what you are. Up above the world so ​ high, like a diamond in the sky.” (Talks to a star, which is an inanimate object.) Bathos: Her hair was finely curled, her cheeks were lined with rouge, and her dress was a ​ flowing green and blue which made her look rather like a tired, old peacock. (The sentence takes a turn from the poetic and serious to something silly. Rather than being compared to a beautiful bird, she is compared to a tired, old peacock.) Conceit: My life is like a free, online game, people seem to be playing with it. (A simile that ​ connects two VERY different things that would not normally be compared to each other.) Euphemism: “Kick the bucket” is a euphemism for someone dying. ​ Hyperbole: Yo’ mama’s so fat that when she walked past the tv, we missed 3 episodes. ​ Irony: Verbal: After a hard day, you would say, “My day was FANTASTIC.” ​ Situational: The fire station burns down. ​ Dramatic: A girl in a horror film goes into the closet where the killer is hiding (and the ​ audience knows that). Litotes: Not too bad (meaning very good). ​ Logos: All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal ​ Metaphor: You’re a fat pig. ​ Metonymy: “The pen is mightier than the sword.” (“Pen” stands for “the written word,” and ​ “sword” stands for “military aggression.”) Oxymoron: Deafening silence. ​ Paradox: "This statement is false." If this is true, then the sentence is false, but if the sentence ​ ​ states that it is false, and it is false, then it must also be true! So the sentence is both true and not true at the same time. Alliteration: Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Assonance: The early bird gets the worm. (repetition of a vowel sound) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cacophony: “Hear the loud alarum bells ​ Brazen bells! What tale of terror, now their turbulency tells!” - The Bells, Edgar Allan Poe (use ​ ​ of rough and inharmonious sounds) Consonance: She sells seashells by the sea shore. (repetition of a consonant sound) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Euphony: “Seasons of mists and mellow fruitfulness ​ Close bosom friend of the maturing sun”- Ode to Autumn, John Keats ​ ​ Onomatopoeia: “I was just beginning to yawn with nerves thinking he was trying to make a fool ​ of me when I knew his tattarrattat at the door.” Ulysses, James Joyce ​ ​ ​ ​ Rhyme: Mary had a little lamb, its fleece was white as snow ​ ​ And everywhere that Mary went, the lamb was sure to go ​ Rhythm: “Two households, both alike in dignity ​ In fair Verona, where we lay our scene.”- Romeo and Juliet, William Shakespeare ​ ​ Pathetic fallacy: “The night has been unruly.” - Macbeth, William Shakespeare (assigns a mood ​ ​ to an object in nature) ​ Pathos: “He had meant the best in the world, and been treated like a dog–like a very dog. She ​ ​ would be sorry someday–maybe when it was too late.”-The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Mark ​ ​ Twain Personification: “April is the cruellest month.”- T.S. Eliot (more vague than pathetic fallacy, but ​ the same concept.) Simile: “Kate inched over her own thoughts like a measuring worm.”-East of Eden, John ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Steinbeck Symbol: “All the world’s a stage ​ ​ ​ ​ And all the men and women are merely players.” -As You Like It, William ​ ​ Shakespeare Synecdoche: New wheels (a new car) ​ Synesthesia: “Back to the region where the sun is silent.”-The Divine Comedy, Dante Alighieri ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ (refers to sight and sound) Tone: “All morons hate it when you call them a moron.”-The Catcher in the Rye, J.D. Salinger ​ ​ ​ (tone here is obviously very bitter and sarcastic.) Ways to Remember/ More Examples Allegory: a piece of literature (poem, picture, story, etc) that can be interpreted to reveal a ​ ​ hidden meaning within the text, typically a moral or political one. Allusion: a brief and indirect reference to a person, place, thing or idea of historical, cultural, ​ literary or political significance. Analogy: a comparison in which the idea or thing is compared to another thing that is different ​ from it and more familiar to the intended audience.