Government of Sudan Federal Ministry of Health Ministry of Water Resources, Irrigation and Electricity Contextual Analysis – Drinking Water Safety in Sudan ر ت ح ل يل - ال سودان ف ي ال ش ب م ياه س ﻻمة ال راهن ال و ضع 5 December 2017 The process leading to the development of the Sudan Drinking Water Safety Strategic Framework was funded by the Qatar Fund for Development and the World Health Organization (WHO), with financial contributions also from UNICEF. The Core Team who managed and facilitated the process included: Federal Ministry of Health (FMoH); Drinking Water and Sanitation Unit (DWSU), Ministry of Water Resources, Irrigation and Electricity (MoWRIE); WHO; the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF); and RedR Sudan. Note on photographs: All photographs in this report have been taken by S.House / RedR Sudan unless otherwise specified. Contents 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................................ 11 2. INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE ................................................................................................................................ 19 2.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................ 19 2.2 TERMS OF REFERENCE ........................................................................................................................................ 19 2.3 STAGES AND SCHEDULE ...................................................................................................................................... 19 2.4 METHODOLOGIES ............................................................................................................................................. 19 2.5 STRUCTURE OF THIS REPORT................................................................................................................................ 20 2.6 LIMITATIONS ................................................................................................................................................... 20 3. CONTEXT - HAZARDS, HAZARDOUS EVENTS, RISKS, STRENGTHS, BOTTLENECKS AND THEORY OF CHANGE ........ 21 3.1 HAZARDS – DWS RELATED CONTAMINANTS & ACCESS TO SDW ................................................................................. 21 3.1.1 Access to improved drinking water supply .................................................................................................... 21 3.1.2 Water quality – physical, chemical, microbiological ..................................................................................... 22 3.2 HAZARDOUS EVENTS ......................................................................................................................................... 25 3.3 RISKS – DISEASES ............................................................................................................................................. 27 3.3.1 Water-based diseases in Sudan .................................................................................................................... 27 3.3.2 Water-related and water-washed diseases in Sudan ................................................................................... 27 3.3.3 Other risks ..................................................................................................................................................... 27 3.4 SUMMARY OF DWS RELATED STRENGTHS, BOTTLENECKS AND THEORY OF CHANGE ......................................................... 27 3.4.1 Summary of DWS related strengths .............................................................................................................. 27 3.4.2 Bottleneck analysis ........................................................................................................................................ 28 3.4.3 Theory of Change .......................................................................................................................................... 28 4. CONTEXT – WATER SUPPLY CHAIN ...................................................................................................................... 31 4.1 WATER SOURCES PROTECTION AND ABSTRACTION .................................................................................................... 31 4.2 BULK WATER TREATMENT ................................................................................................................................... 33 4.2.1 Urban WTPs .................................................................................................................................................. 34 4.2.2 Rural WTPs .................................................................................................................................................... 35 4.3 BULK STORAGE AND DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS TO COLLECTION POINTS ......................................................................... 36 4.4 COLLECTION OF WATER AND TRANSFER TO HOUSEHOLD ............................................................................................. 40 4.5 HOUSEHOLD WATER SUPPLY, TREATMENT AND SAFE STORAGE (HWTS) / POINT OF USE (POU) ........................................ 42 4.6 BELIEFS, COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT, HYGIENE PROMOTION, CITIZEN FEEDBACK AND ENFORCEMENT/ ACTIVATION OF LAWS ..... 44 4.6.1 Beliefs and practices related to DWS ............................................................................................................ 44 4.6.2 DWS and AWD campaigns in humanitarian context .................................................................................... 44 4.6.3 Community engagement and hygiene promotion on DWS in longer term context ...................................... 45 4.6.4 WASH and Health Committees and community volunteers .......................................................................... 46 4.6.5 Citizen feedback and complaints ................................................................................................................... 47 4.6.6 Enforcement/ activation of laws ................................................................................................................... 48 4.7 SPECIFIC CONTEXTS ........................................................................................................................................... 49 4.7.1 Regulation of packaged/bottled water ......................................................................................................... 49 4.7.2 Schools, health facilities and other institutions............................................................................................. 53 4.7.3 Nomadic communities .................................................................................................................................. 53 4.7.4 Humanitarian contexts.................................................................................................................................. 54 5. CONTEXT - CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES ..................................................................................................................... 55 5.1 GENDER, EQUITY AND VULNERABILITY ................................................................................................................... 55 5.2 SUSTAINABILITY, ENVIRONMENT, CLIMATE CHANGE AND DISASTER RISK REDUCTION......................................................... 56 6. CONTEXT – BUILDING BLOCKS FOR WATER SAFETY ............................................................................................. 58 6.1 LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK .......................................................................................................................... 58 6.1.1 Codes, Laws, Acts and regulations ................................................................................................................ 58 3 6.1.2 Water quality standards and guidelines ....................................................................................................... 61 6.1.3 Policies and strategies ................................................................................................................................... 62 6.1.4 Guidelines ...................................................................................................................................................... 64 6.2 STAKEHOLDER RESPONSIBILITIES .......................................................................................................................... 64 6.2.1 Challenges related to stakeholder responsibilities ........................................................................................ 64 6.2.2 Coordination for DWS ................................................................................................................................... 65 6.2.3 Stakeholder responsibilities .......................................................................................................................... 66 6.2.4 The private sector and DWS in Sudan ........................................................................................................... 67 6.3 FINANCING SDW ............................................................................................................................................. 69 6.3.1 Global estimates for SDW to meet the SDGs ................................................................................................ 69 6.3.2 Challenges