Department of Estonian and Comparative Folklore,, ,, Department of Ethnology, ;:> U niversi ty of Tartu Stadias in Rolft Culture Volume III Everyday Life and Cultural Pattern Г1Г5Г" "International Festschrift i Studies in Folk Culture Department of Estonian and Comparative Folklore, Department of Ethnology, University of Tartu Studies in Folk Culture Volume 3 Everyday Life and Cultural Patterns International Festschrift for Elle Vunder Ed. by Ene Kõresaar & Art Leete TARTU UNIVERSITY PRESS Editorial board: Marjorie Mandelstam Balzer (Washington), Anne- Victoire Charrin (Paris), Mihâly Hoppâl (Budapest), Kristin Kuutma (Tartu) Margaret Mackay (Edinburgh), Stefano Montes (Tartu), Kjeil Olsen (Aita), Alexander Panchenko (St. Petersburg), Éva Poes (Budapest), Viktor Semyonov (Syktyvkar), Anna-Leena Siikala (Helsinki), Timothy Tangherlini (Los Angeles), Peeter Torop (Tartu), Ants Viires (Tallinn), Elle Vunder (Tartu) Editors of the series: Art Leete, Ülo Valk Editors of the volume: Ene Kõresaar, Art Leete Language editors: Epp Leete, Gordon Leman. Mall Leman, Olaf Mertelsmann Supported by the Estonian Cultural Endowment, the Development Foundation of the vice-rector of the University of Tartu, Ministry of Education and Research of Estonia (state targeted project "The Discourse of Everyday Life and the Dialogue of Cultures", and the project "Everyday Culture: Aspects of Terminology and Critics of the Sources" of the state program "Estonian Language and National Memory"). Editorial address: University of Tartu Phone: +372 7 375 654 Fax:+ 372 7 375 310 E-mail: [email protected] Copyright Authors, 2004 ISSN 1736-1192 ISBN 9985-56-978-4 Tartu University Press www.tyk.ut.ee Order nr 503 Table of Contents Introduction 9 Part I. Everyday Life of Traditions Bo Lönnqvist The Renaissance of the Baltic German Estates 29 Nils-Arvid Bringéus Schwedische Baudenkmäler und Baupflege. Einige Beispiele 42 Attila Palâdi-Kovâcs Guild Tradition in Hungary - Old Journeymen's Routes in the 18th-19th Centuries 55 Art Leete Invasion of Materialism into the Soviet North: Sédentarisation, Dev elopment of Professional Medicine and Hygiene in the 192CMtos 69 Outi Tuomi-Nikula Vom "traditionellen Handwerk" zum "Traditionsprodukt". Überlegungen zu Begriffen der Handwerkskunst 87 6 Table of Contents Part II. Culture and Memory Patterns Pirjo Korkiakangcis Everyday Life, Objects, and Nostalgia 113 Tiiu Jaago Popular History as the Interpretations in the View of Oral Popular History Research 130 Ene Kõresaar The Culture of Rupture in the Estonian Narrative Memory of the Stalinist Experience 146 Part III. Interpretations in Everyday Life Klaus Roth Streit ums Essen? Nahrungsverhalten in bikulturellen Ehen und Familien 171 Ilmari Vesterinen The Ethnography of Horizontality and Verticality 192 Anders Gustavsson Rituals around Unexpected Death 206 Pekka Leimu On the Origin of Turku Species 239 Part IV. Opening Perspectives Ülo Valk On the Discursive Foundations of Estonian Folkloristics: a Farmer's View of Vision 265 Table of Contents 7 Bjarne Rogan The Prague Congress (1928), CIAP and the League of Nations. A Short History of la Commission Internationale des Arts Populaires (CIAP) from its Inception until World War II 273 Anu Kannike Ethnography and Representation: On the Border of the Public and the Private 284 Marianne Gullestad The Scholar as a Public Intellectual. Reflections Based on Anthropological Studies in Norway 303 Introduction The third issue of the series "Studies in Folk Culture" ensures the consistency and continuity of publishing the journal. The publi­ cation of the journal, jointly by the Department of Estonian and Comparative Folklore and the Department of Ethnology of the University of Tartu, is of great symbolic importance, reflecting current academic processes taking place in Estonia. We do not aim at dividing academic disciplines dealing with culture issues, but rather, we try to reach a new quality of examining the cultural processes of different peoples through interdisciplinary coope­ ration. Among Estonian ethnologists, Prof. Elle Vunder has played a central role over the last ten years, and the research topics addressed in this issue have also been her major research work. In 1965-1968, Elle Vunder was a researcher at the State Ethnography Museum (presently the Estonian National Museum) and in 1971-1988, she was the research director at the Estonian Open Air Museum. During these years and afterwards, E. Vunder has also done scientific research at the Institute of History, ESSR Academy of Sciences. She has been connected with the University of Tartu since the year 1989, in 1994 E. Vunder was elected the Professor of Ethnology of Tartu University. The current volume "Everyday Life and Cultural Patterns" includes the articles by Professor Elle Vunder's colleagues, friends and students. The book consists of four parts, each of them addres­ ses a certain field of Elle Vunder's scientific activity. 2 10 Introduction Everyday life of traditions The first part of the volume is most directly connected with Elle Vunder's long-term research interests. The links between daily routine and traditions have a central role in understanding and analysing folk culture, the aspect, which has also been highlighted by many other researchers. Many of the authors in this volume have also addressed these issues. It is a real pleasure for us to start the volume with the article by Professor Bo Lönnqvist (Jyväskylä). For a long time, he has been a friend and supporter of the Department of Ethnology, Tartu University. Bo Lönnqvist analyses these problems from the position of the foreigner who has come into contact with the revitalisation of Estonian manor culture in the 1990s. Lönnqvist's approach is intriguing. He poses a question: how is it possible that Estonians are now proud of the culture that they perceived to be a feudal and oppressive system in Estonia and a hindrance to the development of the country only 70 years ago? What is modern Estonia searching for in this period of history? What has attracted more attention and what has been neglected? Lönnqvist provides an overview of the manor culture studies and memoirs of landlords during the 1990s, showing that the current wave of the revival and "return" of manor culture in Estonia is part of the post-communist reconstruction of Europe. The author also points out the difference between the aristocratic culture in its modern Estonian form and the life of the nobility that is preserved in the recollections of the exile Baits. Contemporary Estonia emphasises the collective. Thus, the history of the nobility and the buildings represent a European cultural form that should be preserved. The texts published in Germany, however, represent the individual family memories of something that can never be regained. Prof. Emer. Nils-Arvid Bringéus (Lund) proceeds with the subject of legal protection of wooden buildings in Sweden in the 20th century and current heritage protection trends. As with Elle Introduction 11 Vunder, the author has long museum work experience (see Vunder 1976, 1982; Vunder & Paiken 1982). The author shows, among other things, how the accentuation of heritage protection - being, for example, technical in Sweden, but aesthetic in Denmark - affects the overall looks of urban areas. Bringéus also analyses the guarantees made both privately (by individuals) and conceptually (national or regional concepts) following the architectural heritage protection principles. The author also shares his personal experien­ ces on how to combine and mix protection of architectural heritage and today's comfort and convenience, the topical issue also in present-day Estonia. Professor Attila Palâdi-Kovâcs (Budapest) provides an analy­ sing overview of the guild traditions in Hungary and the impact of nomadic craftsmen on Hungarian folk culture. Elle Vunder has examined the changes in traditional folk art on the basis of the routes of nomadic craftsmen in Estonia (Vunder 1990, 1992ab, 1993a, 1994d). Palâdi-Kovâcs dissects the daily routine of nomadic craftsmen and the impact of the phenomenon on the overall processes of everyday life in Central and Eastern Europe. From the late Middle Ages to the late 19th - early 20th century, the guild system and guild customs have linked Hungary to European industrial society. Journeying enabled the countries of Eastern Central Europe to keep pace, to adopt new technical knowledge and innovations and to follow the currents of European civilisation. Journeying contributed to the spread of technical innovations. Besides the specialised knowledge of their trade, the itinerant journeymen spread the traditions of guilds and industrial society, as well as old and new customs, forms of behaviour and fashions of the urban middle class. This involved not only furniture styles and clothing fashions but also the teachings of Protestantism, the ideals and organisational forms of anti-capitalist movements and even the middle-class taste for coffee and tea. While Professor Palâdi-Kovâcs deals with the role of nomadic craftsmen in the innovation processes of folk art in the Central Europe, Professor Art Leete (Tartu) studies the modernisation processes initiated by the state among native peoples of the Soviet 12 Introduction North in the 1920-40s. Professor Elle Vunder has analysed modernisation processes in peasant culture in Estonia (Vunder 2001, 2003a). At first sight, these processes seem to have a lot of similarities between them, yet the subjects of the state's leading role and the peasants'