Corso di Laurea in Relazioni Internazionali Comparate Tesi di Laurea Magistrale The Role of States with Limited Recognition in Contemporary Europe Relatore Ch. Prof. Sara De Vido Correlatore Ch. Prof. Aldo Ferrari Laureando Eduard Pashchenko 871907 Anno Accademico 2018 / 2019 Table of content Abstract Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 5 Chapter 1. Theoretical basis for the international legal recognition of states. ............................................... 7 1.1 The history and the basic rules of internationally legal states-recognition-principles ....................... 7 1.1.1 League of Nations and United Nations membership .................................................................. 11 1.1.2 The issue of defining the statehood ............................................................................................ 14 1.1.3 The major appearance of the new states after the Second World War (Graph) ........................ 16 1.2. Criteria for the recognition of states ................................................................................................ 18 1.2.1 The main components of the Criteria ......................................................................................... 20 1.3. The main doctrines of state recognition ........................................................................................... 24 1.3.1 The positivist doctrine ................................................................................................................ 28 1.4 “Unrecognized”, “self-proclaimed” and other “quasi-states”: problems of terminology ............... 30 1.5. Classification of unrecognized states ............................................................................................... 33 1.6. Economy of places which do not exist .............................................................................................. 35 1.7. After Montevideo: states which violated the convention in the first half of 20 th century ................. 36 1.8. Unrecognized States in Decolonization and New unrecognized states: "illegal" fruits of the struggle for the Soviet and Yugoslav inheritance .................................................................................... 37 1.9. Rules of sovereignty for unrecognized states ................................................................................... 39 CONCLUSIONS TO THE PART ................................................................................................................. 39 Chapter 2. State practice in states recognition. ............................................................................................ 41 2.1 Phenomenon of self-claimed states in the post - Soviet area: common characteristic (with historical background) ............................................................................................................................................ 41 2.2. Nagorno-Karabakh and Transnistria ................................................................................................... 42 2.2.1 Transnistria .................................................................................................................................... 42 2.2.1.1 EU involvement ....................................................................................................................... 46 2.2.1.2 Risks of escalation ................................................................................................................... 50 2.2 Nagorno-Karabakh ........................................................................................................................... 53 2.2.2.1 Development of the conflict ..................................................................................................... 55 2.2.2.2 The role of Russia .................................................................................................................... 56 2.2.2.3 The role of Turkey ................................................................................................................... 57 2.2.2.4 The role of the CSCE and the UN ........................................................................................... 58 2.2.2.5 The role of the Council of Europe ........................................................................................... 59 2.2.2.6 The viewpoints of the parties concerned ................................................................................. 60 2.3. Abkhazia and South Ossetia ............................................................................................................. 62 2.3.1 South Ossetia .............................................................................................................................. 62 2.3.2 Abkhazia ..................................................................................................................................... 65 2 2.2 Problems of Recognition of LPR and DPR ....................................................................................... 68 2.2.1 Background of the Conflict and Premises for Separation .......................................................... 68 2.4.2 Legal aspects (constraints for recognition) ................................................................................ 71 2.3 Recognition problems of Kosovo ....................................................................................................... 75 Chapter 3. Secession attempts and issues of recognition ............................................................................ 84 3.1 Canton of Jura (Switzerland) ............................................................................................................ 84 3.1.1 Economy ...................................................................................................................................... 85 3.1.2 Political system .......................................................................................................................... 87 3.1.3 History ........................................................................................................................................ 87 3.1.4 Exacerbation in political life ..................................................................................................... 88 3.1.5 Referendum ................................................................................................................................ 89 3.1.6 Constitutional patriotism............................................................................................................ 90 3.2. South Tyrol (Italy) ............................................................................................................................ 91 3.2.1 Historical Background ............................................................................................................... 91 3.2.2 The first move toward autonomy ................................................................................................. 92 3.2.3 Austra Intervention ..................................................................................................................... 92 3.2.4 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 93 3.5. British Separatism ............................................................................................................................ 94 3.5.1 Scotland ....................................................................................................................................... 94 3.5.2 Northern Ireland ........................................................................................................................ 95 3.4 Catalonia ........................................................................................................................................... 96 3.4.1 Historical Background ............................................................................................................... 96 3.4.2 Recent History ............................................................................................................................ 96 3.4.3 The legitimacy of the independence ........................................................................................... 97 3.5 Comparative analysis of Catalonia with separated LPR and DPR .................................................... 98 3.5.1 Pre-conflict situation .................................................................................................................. 99 3.5.2 Post-conflict situation .............................................................................................................. 100 3.5.3 Impact on Households .............................................................................................................. 100 3.5.4 Reduction of Number of Enterprises ........................................................................................ 101 3.5.5 Impact on working force: ......................................................................................................... 102 3.5.6 Gross Regional Product ........................................................................................................... 103 3.5.7 The deterioration of the situation in the industry ....................................................................