Aug. 2014, Volume 8, No. 8 (Serial No. 81), pp. 952-962 Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, ISSN 1934-7359, USA D DAVID PUBLISHING The Avenue of Sphinxes: Restoration of a Legend Adham Abulnour Department of Architecture and Environmental Design, Faculty of Engineering, Arab Academy for Science and Technology, Alexandria 1029, Egypt Abstract: The redevelopment of historic cities is often challenged by intricate—and in many cases contradictory—missions. From one side, there is the urge to comprehensively preserve cultural resources. At the same time, opportunities of economic growth should be made available and needs of contemporary living maintained and nourished. The main aim of this paper is to reconcile probable incompatibilities between such missions through promoting “sensitive” redevelopment approaches in historic cities. The paper focuses on the city of Luxor, Egypt with its immensely capturing yet quite undermined legend: the Avenue of Sphinxes. In Luxor, the injection of nonintrusive interventions presents itself as a highly potential candidate in protecting and enhancing the experience of the avenue while meeting contemporary needs of living. Adopting less sensitive development approaches can lead the quality of experiencing the whole city to be worsened for the increasing numbers of tourists and locals. Key words: Noninvasive interventions, image of the city, sense of place, selectivity, responsiveness. 1. Introduction rhythmic repetition to define a pathway connecting the two temples. The construction of the pathway extended The city of Luxor is located on the east bank of the between the 18th and 30th Dynasty with the majority of river Nile, 635 km south of Cairo, Egypt. The city is sphinxes assuming the form of ram-headed statues demarcated by the river Nile on the west and rural (Fig. 2). The sphinxes added by the Pharaoh Nectanebo peripheries and farmlands on the east. In 2009, a I of the 30th dynasty have his face on the statues’ heads presidential decree declared Luxor a governorate, [3]. adding to it a number of adjacent districts and cities. The legendary pathway, which became known as the Demographics and geographic information concerning “Avenue of Sphinxes”, hosted the magnificent the recently established Luxor Governorate can be ceremony of the “Opet” festival in ancient Egypt. consulted in the official report issued by the EIP During this festival, statues of the gods of the Theban (Egyptian Information Portal) (a subsidiary of the Triad—Amun, Khonsu and Mut—were escorted in a Egyptian Cabinet of Ministers) [1]. joyous procession down the Avenue from the Karnak The city of Luxor houses two of the world’s most Temple to the Temple of Luxor [4]. important monuments: the Karnak Temple and the Over the past 50 years, several portions of the Temple of Luxor (Fig. 1). Both temples were substantially avenue were excavated. During the process, remnants completed during the New Kingdom period, over 3,000 of the sphinxes and the Pharaonic limestone roadbed years ago, and were altered and expanded by were exposed (Fig. 3). According to the report: “The successive rulers. Pharaoh Amenhotep III of the 18th Avenue of Sphinxes” by the eminent archeologist Dr. Dynasty built the Temple of Luxor adding gardens, rest Zahi Hawass (former head of the Egyptian SCA places and shrines between the two temples [2]. (Supreme Council of Antiquities)) [5], the excavations More than a thousand sphinx statues were lined in also revealed reliefs and cartouches of several kings and queens. One of the reliefs bears the name of the Corresponding author: Adham Abulnour, Ph.D., lecturer, research fields: conservation of heritage and architectural infamous Queen Cleopatra VII who is believed to have design theories. E-mail: [email protected]. The Avenue of Sphinxes: Restoration of a Legend 953 Fig. 1 A CAD (computer aided design) map of the city of Luxor: The Avenue of Sphinx is graphically denoted as the thick dotted line (courtesy of the Egyptian SCA). visited this avenue during her Nile trip with Mark however, confront the mission of fully exploring the Anthony to implement restoration works. cultural and touristic potentials of the avenue while The fascination with the Avenue of Sphinxes is satisfying the needs and wants of contemporary living universal. Architects and urban planners all over the in Luxor: world have emulated the axial layout of the avenue With tourism in Egypt projected to return back to with its two magnetic endings in several contemporary its former levels in 2010 (almost 15 million tourists design and planning practices. Test excavations carried annually) [6], there is a significant and urgent need to out along the length of the avenue continued to unveil protect archaeological and monumental sites; its archeological potential as one of the most important The Governorate of Luxor is characterized by a historic routes in the world. high population density (almost 1,092,000 residents in 2013) [7]. The associated urban sprawl regrettably 1.1 Statement of Problem resulted in housing, asphalted streets and other Directing restoration efforts towards the Avenue of structures being built over the Avenue of Sphinxes only Sphinxes is expected to reveal much about to obscure its axial progression and interrupt its historic civilization’s beginning and enhance the world’s value; appreciation of Egypt’s contribution to humanity’s The Avenue of Sphinxes is situated in the center collective culture. A number of severe challenges, of today’s city of Luxor and runs 2 m to 4 m below the 954 The Avenue of Sphinxes: Restoration of a Legend (a) (b) Fig. 2 (a) Ram-headed sphinx; (b) sphinxes added by Pharaoh Nectanebo I [1]. Fig. 3 Part of the excavations along and around the Avenue of Sphinxes [8]. street level depending on location (Fig. 3). If the 1.2 Aim and Objectives of the Paper original length of the avenue (2.4 km) is fully This paper advocates that Luxor can extensively excavated, there is the potential risk of creating a benefit from fully restoring the magnificence of the “trench” that segregates Luxor’s urban fabric into two avenue. The paper is thus intrigued to investigate and linearly isolated stretches; assess redevelopment approaches that can establish a Local residents are aware of, and in most of the dialogue of harmony and compatibility between the part thrive on, the economic benefits of tourism. If the avenue, urban fabric, landscape and mobility in Luxor. avenue is fully excavated, the resulting traffic A highly potential candidate presents itself in congestion should be relieved. Also of significant injecting noninvasive interventions that are most importance is providing new jobs and commercial attentive to the quantity and quality of changes they stir opportunities that integrate with the avenue as a tourists’ as they reconcile the discrepancies between restoration magnet. tasks and the needs of contemporary living in the city The thorough analysis of these challenges unveils of Luxor. how Luxor is based today on mass transportation, The precise aim of this paper is to assess and uncontrolled urban sprawl and large-scale investment consecutively set the fundamentals for the “sensitive” projects: all trends in opposition to the restoration of restoration of the Avenue of Sphinxes through the the avenue. injection of noninvasive interventions. The Avenue of Sphinxes: Restoration of a Legend 955 1.3 Methodology people’s vision of the places they use. The roots of noninvasive interventions, as a The paper commences by investigating the logic redevelopment strategy for Luxor, are clearly behind injecting noninvasive interventions in Luxor. identifiable in history. The sphinxes added to the Explanatory discussions and historic references are avenue by King Nectanebo I of the 30th dynasty made to introduce the characteristics and goals of maintain the rhythmic repetition of their predecessors nonintrusive interventions. The paper then proceeds to and are harmonious in terms of their relative size demonstrate the practical dimensions of noninvasive (Fig. 2). In emphasizing the vital religious role of the interventions through analyzing a project proposal for avenue, Queen Hatshepsut recorded on her red chapel the restoration of the avenue. The project is in Karnak Temple that she built six chapels dedicated interpreted as a series of interventions injected into to the god Amun-Re on this monumental pathway Luxor’s urban fabric to protect the monumental legacy during her reign. Remains of Queen Hatshepsut’s of the avenue and, at the same time, satisfy chapels have been found, along with the remains of a contemporary living needs in the city. The paper Roman gate and bath. A Nilometer was also exposed finally progresses to assess the resultant sensitivity of during the excavations [10]. the proposed project. The assessment is carried out in The paper clearly recognizes that these additions terms of particular key themes selected by the paper to enhance the physical and emotional character of the fully identify, weigh and optimally guide the impacts avenue instead of devaluing (or even redefining) its of injecting noninvasive interventions to restore the meaning and significance. avenue. Synthesis of knowledge is based on a Following the footsteps of the ancients, it might be comprehensive critique of the quality and quality of extremely constructive to investigate the benefits of changes induced by the project on Luxor’s urban injecting the avenue with nonintrusive interventions context