Berichte ??? / 2007 zur Polar- und Meeresforschung Reports on Polar and Marine Research Steps of Foundation of Institutionalized Antarctic Research Proceedings of the 1 st SCAR Workshop on the History of Antarctic Research Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Munich (Germany), 2-3 June, 2005 Edited by Cornelia Lüdecke Rückseite Titelblatt Steps of Foundation of Institutionalized Antarctic Research Proceedings of the 1 st SCAR Workshop on the History of Antarctic Research Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Munich (Germany) 2-3 June, 2005 Edited by Cornelia Lüdecke Ber. Polarforsch. Meeresfor. Xxx (2007) ISSN 1618-3193 Cornelia Lüdecke, SCAR History Action Group, Valleystrasse 40, D- 81371 Munich, Germany Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents .......... ................................................................................................I Figures List ....................................................................................................................V List of Abbreviations ...................................................................................................VI Preface .................................................................................................................iX Introduction ........................................................................................................1 1 The Dawn of Antarctic Consciousnes J. Berguño ............................................................................................................3 1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................3 1.2 Preliminary Remarks on the History of Antarctic Science ..............................4 1.3 The Diverse Impact of some Key Disciplines on Antarctic Consciousness ....6 1.4 Three Types of Comparative Observations ...................................................9 1.5 Implementation of Antarctic Expeditions ......................................................12 1.6 The Role of Institutions, Congresses and Societies.....................................15 1.7 References..................................................................................................18 1.7.1 Published material...................................................................................18 1.7.2 Unpublished material...............................................................................22 1.8 Appendix I: Figures of the Southern Consciousness ...................................23 1.9 Appendix II: International Geographic Congresses (1871 – 1913)...............25 2 The National Geographic Magazine’s portrayals of Antarctica Jason Davis ........................................................................................................28 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................28 2.2 Methods ......................................................................................................30 2.3 Antarctica as a place of national interest .....................................................32 2.4 Antarctica as a scientific “Laboratory”..........................................................35 2.5 Antarctica as a resource frontier to be exploited ..........................................39 2.6 Antarctica as an environmental “World Park” to be preserved .....................41 2.7 Antarctica as an opponent to conquer .........................................................43 2.8 Antarctica as an inspiration of awe and spiritual connection ........................45 2.9 Conclusion ..................................................................................................46 2.10 References..................................................................................................47 3 History of Antarctic Research: The Australasian Context David Michael Dodd ............................................................................................51 4 Wilhelm Filchner and Antarctica Helmut Hornik and Cornelia Lüdecke ..................................................................52 4.1 Curriculum vitae of Wilhelm Filchner ...........................................................52 4.2 Filchner and the Second German Antarctic Expedition 1911-1912..............55 4.2.1 Antarctic Problems at 1910......................................................................55 4.2.2 Main Tasks of the German Antarctic Expedition 1911-1912 ....................56 4.2.3 The expeditions members .......................................................................56 4.2.4 The "Deutschland" in the Weddell Sea ....................................................57 4.2.5 Results ....................................................................................................60 4.3 Outlock........................................................................................................61 4.4 References..................................................................................................62 4.5 Appendix: Books written or initiated by W. Filchner .....................................63 4.5.1 Popular Books.........................................................................................63 4.5.2 Scientific Work.........................................................................................63 I Steps of Foundation – Proceedings of the 1 st Workshop of the SCAR History Action Group 5 Argentine Antarctic Science, 1946-1959 Adrian Howkins ...................................................................................................64 5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................64 5.2 Historical Background..................................................................................65 5.3 Organizational Structure..............................................................................67 5.4 Antarctic Science.........................................................................................70 5.5 Political Rhetoric..........................................................................................72 5.6 Conclusion ..................................................................................................75 5.7 Reference List.............................................................................................75 5.7.1 Unpublished Material...............................................................................75 5.7.2 Published Material...................................................................................76 5.8 Appendix: Chronology of important events1946-1959 .................................78 6 The U.S. Antarctic Oversnow Geophysical-Glaciological Research Program of the International Geophysical Year (IGY) 1957-58, from the View of a Research Scientist Participant John C. Behrendt ................................................................................................80 6.1 Introduction .................................................................................................81 6.2 Fichner Ice Shelf Traverse, 1957-1958........................................................84 6.3 Oversnow traverse ......................................................................................85 6.4 Traverse operations.....................................................................................87 6.5 Crevasses...................................................................................................90 6.6 Seismic and glaciology observations ...........................................................91 6.7 Accomplishments ........................................................................................93 6.8 Opportunities for Young Scientists in ÍGY....................................................94 6.9 Conclusions.................................................................................................96 6.10 References..................................................................................................97 7 RUSSIA IN THE ANTARCTIC М V. М . Kotlyakov, .Yu. Moskalevsky, V.V. Lukin, and A. V. Klepikov ...................99 8 Georg von Neumayer (1826–1909) - a Pioneer of Antarctic Research Reinhard A. Krause ...........................................................................................112 8.1 References................................................................................................120 9 The Norwegian-British-Swedish Expedition (NBSX) to Antarctica 1949-52 - science and security Lisbeth Lewander ..............................................................................................123 9.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................123 9.2 Post-war Scandinavian relations................................................................124 9.3 Hans Ahlmann the instigator of the NBSX .................................................126 9.4 Science and politics – a two way relationship ............................................126 9.5 The possibility of complementary representations .....................................128 9.6 Norway and Sweden – the revival of fraternity...........................................130 9.7 Swedish military goes abroad – but not for vacation..................................132 9.8 To secure security – Great Britain .............................................................135 9.9 The general