IJBPAS, November, 2015, 4(11), Special Issue: 281-292 ISSN: 2277–4998 ARCH AND ROOF TYPOLOGY OF HAKIM MOSQUE IN ISFAHAN HOUTAN IRAVANI1, DAVOOD REZA LARICHEH2, MAHDI REZVANI2, IMAN SEMSAR2, MOHAMMAD REZA PAK NAHAD2, OMIDPAHLEVAN SADEGH2 1Ph.D, Department of Architecture, Ardestan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardestan, Iran 2Department of Architecture, Ardestan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardestan, Iran ABSTRACT Iranian art of architecture, has given the best possible answer to architecture needs of inhabitants of this land centuries before Islam, while ensuring compliance with all requirements and climatic characteristics and geographical conditions. This was amazing harmony between man, nature and the compatibility of thousands of years of human artifacts and masters of precious natural heritage and indigenous artist and patriotic border that entrusted to us the stewardship task. One of the artists was David Hakim who was physician of Shah Abbas II that for some reason he had gone to India and with the wealth had acquired, he had built a mosque called Hakim Mosque in Isfahan. A variety of techniques was used in the mosque architecture, especially in the implementation of the arch and roof in after years. 1. Arch including the tent arch, four arch roof, skullcap and the so-called Cymatium, known as Row of Stars and the arch of short dome covering the yard in winter 2. Materials of multiplicative arch pool house 3- narrow roof arch in the northwest side before reaching the entrance to the Jerjir 4. Vaulting in a short distance that the infrastructure of roof arch and fountain which is called the arch and vault arch known as the northwest, southwest, northeast, and southeast we see. 5. Ivan Eastern Roman arch 7- skullcap (Cymatium) south porch 8- Akhtarchin cruciform plan in the southern dome and roof arch, the variation in the performance of a religious monument Sample is invaluable. The Safavid era is an architectural masterpiece. Keywords: Hakim Mosque, Arch, Akhtar China square, narrow arch 281 IJBPAS, November, 2015, 4(11), Special Issue Houtan Iravani et al Research Article INTRODUCTION Hakim Mosque is one of the masterpieces various arch and roof, however, of architecture in the Islamic period, it is a specifications and implementation mosque of four porches with very diverse examples of Hakim Mosque in Isfahan by brick work and it can be said that it is one identifying the characteristics and explain of the best examples of the architecture of the plan and view it separately and we the Safavid era, the mosque has numerous cannot find something quite special with and diverse altars that each was made this type of arch and we are trying to according to its seraglio. It has winter explain about the arch and roof of this seraglio and nave porches and with valuable mosque. beautiful views of the long and high and Methodology arch decorations is great. The mosque is Data was collected via library and made of brick and a little tiles are used in it, interviewing the professionals such as the mosque has four doors, two doors are to waiting engineers and a number of rest the north and one to the west, and the other orators of cultural heritage and the is to the east. Appellation of the mosque professionals who were working in this that is known as mosque of HakinDawood regard from generation to generation and who was the physician of Shah Abbas II, we examined this through a qualitative between 1067 -1073, however, in the book analysis. named half of the World is remembered as Analysis the third largest mosque in Isfahan after the History of the arch and roof commonly Grand Mosque of Isfahan and Masjid of used in construction before the Shah. (Mahralnaqsh, 1997, p. 5) Achaemenid period that an example of the Literature works of the third millennium BC, the city About arch and roof and how to use them burned after that period, has remained in buildings, many books have been around the country. (Zomrashidi, 2010, p. published. And with the help of the books, 11). we can learn how to draw and implement Source: Author Names of the famous arches Properties Monument (s) name Era and domes Lacking sharp and has great ChoghaZanbil called ziggurats Called contributor or lean Elamites fertility And buildings in Susa Nesa Palace, the Palace and the Temple Generally porch with arched Mount Khwaja, Temple and Temple, vaulted porches and the foundations Parthian the famous palace Hytra (Alhazr) and of buildings, especially after Islam. Parthian palace Methods and techniques are very Called Holuchinkand, Firoozabad House, Gore Girls, Sassanid 282 IJBPAS, November, 2015, 4(11), Special Issue Houtan Iravani et al Research Article technical and that some of contributor or lean sarvestan, Bishabor and unique arch Their foundations of arch porch Ctesiphon and as temples and buildings with dome cover carvings masonry arch across the Specific methods have been mountains implemented in the world. In some parts of the dome of the Beautiful arch with the applicable Called Petkin&Petkaneh Mosque of Nizam al-Mulk, Kashan old Seljuks rules mosque, mosque Farymood Significant development in this Soltanieh massive dome of Grand Ilkhanate period Mosque of Varamin Founder of unique Islamic Architecture in Islamic world and Timur's mausoleum, Grand Mosque of Shallal dome and Avagun Timurid the great impact on the Architecture Goharshad and many tombs tower of the World Dome the in one coat, the Abbasi Grand Mosque, building vaulted World's pre-eminent architecture of coat of continuous and and domed four leading market market Safavid the period discrete especially two-coat cap of Yazd Iranian family struggles involved in Sun Palace and the Blue Mosque suppressing the rebellion and send it Afsharids Dome of KalatNaderi by rare and not for prosperity. Principles of governing the Vakil Bazaar and Vakil Mosque of performance of the arch in the city Zandiyeh Shiraz of Karim Khan Zand Directly influenced by the Arch of Vezir Market of Qazvin, Vakil architecture of the Safavid dynasty, The fixed arch of the Bazaar of Kerman but sometimes we see something CheshmehTaseh and Qajar Beautiful dome of Emamschool of new and mutations in Qajar Karbandy Kashan architecture. House of Tehran Police Headquarters Integrating the West and Iranian Abundant species and even First and today’s Setting of Ministry of architecture the fixed arch and arch Pahlavi Foreign Affairs Integrating the West and Iranian Abundant species and even Second Many mosques in the period architecture the fixed arch and arch Pahlavi Arch 1. heavy materials such as brick It is a wide arc that will be achieved by 2. Lightweight materials such as wood extending the length of the arc in the Heavy materials have high hardness and coverage area. Arch thickness is less than strength but their flexibility is low, but the the arc in addition to the principles of traditional style with elastic materials have sustainability and style arch executive of relatively high tensile strength. the arch, they can cause structural problems Wood because of having a tensile strength and even final cover art designs and is used in vaulted structures as the cause of creations and are special and unique. the problem of landslides. (Zomarshidi, 2010, p. 85). Mortar Materials used in the arch, arch and roof Also plays an important role as a binder are: material are used like lime mortar, plaster The two major groups of materials are and mortar. used: Adhesive plaster mortar for setting up fast 283 IJBPAS, November, 2015, 4(11), Special Issue Houtan Iravani et al Research Article and early strength vaulted structures are north is open and Cool north wind blows used. (Mahralnaqsh, 1997, pp. 34-31) from the direction, and in the south of Adding façade in the Safavid period Isfahan, it ends with the mountains of In the first period of hard work is done or Seffeh and Lashter, it is very cold in the similar cast and then milled the brick winter and in the spring and summer façade and palced in front of the building regarding the river of Zayandeh rood is and it is continued up to building the indelicacy in the air. (From the book of foundation. This figure is below the nave journey in Iran by EugèneFlandin and wall the ultimate façade has not done that Mirana Coast). However, due to the climate yet. (Mahralnaqsh, 1997, p. 36) of religious practice during the days and the Climate and environmental conditions need to have winter is the yard. (Eugene Due to the temperate climate of the Isfahan Fland, 1854, p. 54). province and its full of four seasons in the Source: Author SOURCE: Author Hakim Mosque in the winter yard has the arch like a tent with very few rich and this 284 IJBPAS, November, 2015, 4(11), Special Issue Houtan Iravani et al Research Article is another part of the yard that its age is less Given that ceiling skullcap is circular, and than the other part because the other side it is implemented with three corners, more has the stone pillars. space can be created and this type style is The yard of the mosque in general has the used generally in square spaces are square style of the arch with four arch, and it has and rectangular spaces are covered with brick ceiling in the form of skullcap that is circular and onion coverage. circular, this way of planning can be run in Since the skullcap arch are like the dome different shapes and structures and shows then they are said short covered dome arch. the taste of the architect. (Zomarshidi, 2010, pp, pp. 97-103) Source: Author 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 4 5 4 1 6 7 1 9 6 1 8 1 1 10 285 IJBPAS, November, 2015, 4(11), Special Issue Houtan Iravani et al Research Article 2 1 4 3 6 5 7 8 286 IJBPAS, November, 2015, 4(11), Special Issue Houtan Iravani et al Research Article 10 9 Source: Author This type of arch according to its type of skullcap is known as Akhtar chin.