.RIIllT TK! Inn The INN is a network of people and non­ governmental and governmental organizations throughout the world that are commined to the nonviolent resolution of armed conflicts. Th~.: lmern.ltlon.tl Negouauon, 'eC\\ork (INN) was cst.1blished in 1987 by the Conflict Resolution Program of I he ( .ml:r Center of Emol) Univer ... ity. I he I rN is a neC\\ork of pt.."Oplc and non govemmenral and gm crnmcnral org.mizacion.s throughour the world rhar are tommitt('(l to the nom tolenr resolution ol arm~:d confliu~. lr~ priutipallocus is on armed imra~n.uion.tl conHtct~ ~incc the.~e t\ pes of conflicts .ue u.sually beyond the jurbdiction of rr.tdirional intcrn.uional agenc ic~ .tnd lit: in \\h;:u the I~N culs the mediation gap. T'he I~ ' ()ffers a numhcr of sef\ ict-s m parries caught tn dm For more information ahour the INN tm·di.uion gap. t'.tnging from convening pl:aCt' ncgoti.ttiom ro \\Ttrt.:: monitoring dl'mon-.uic elections. lt .tlso offers quiet, h,tt:k~ ch.mncl pe.lC~.:making serYtccs to parties whose cin.:umst.HKcs T he lmcrnarional Negotiation Network 111.1) tequire wntldum.tlir). Tht.. I'\ l'\ is a pri\.UC, nonprofit T he Caner Center of Emoty University organi1..arion, funded cntird) hy aon.uions. lr is led h) f(mncr One Copcnhill U.S. President lirnm) Cmer. ''ho scf\'es a-.; d1.1ir of'rhc IN!\: Arlama, Gcorgia 30307 USA Council. Od11.:r memhu·s of the Council mcludc: t )sc..u Ams anc..hc7, fom1er President of ( osta RiCt., Oluscgun Obasanjo. former President of 1\:tgert.l; I i bt·t Palm~:, V\l:dish Committee fi>r L~IC I hja\ier Perez de Cuellar, former ecretary­ (,ener.tl of the L mtcd atiuns; hridarh Ramphal, former ecretary-General of rhc Commom\calrh ofl'\.wons; i\bnc- \ngeliC]uc Sa,,mt:, Office <lrhe lnired ~J.rions High Commissioner for Refugees; Edu.ml ~hc,.trdn,1dlc , lnrcnm President of rhe St.llt' ( ouncil of Georgia; De."nond Tutu, Arch~ h1shop ot ap~.: I 0\\ n, South Ahie-1; ( yrus R. \ .ull.c, tormer l'nitcd St:HL'S Se~::retal)' ofStare; !~lie \'V'icsel, f.lic \\ icsd I ound,uion for Humanif); and \mire" ll)ung. former tJnitc:d Sr.trcs Amb.tssa~ dor ro the Umred Nations. 'I he I~N has been involved in working ro rcsolH peacefully a wide number of conflict .siruacions such as Afgh.misr:.tn, B.tngbdesh, Burma. Cambodia, Chinafl'ibcr, Cyprus, Ethiopiai.Erirrea, Haiti, Kashmir, rhc Korean Peninsula, Liberia, 1\:orrhern lrdand, South Africa, Sri L·mka. Sudan, Western Sahara, and Zambia. Irs .tcti\ irics ha\e ranged from moniroring, to fact-finding, analysis, .spotlighting. sire visits, pre-mediation. medi.uion. and decnon ohscf\ ing. In .1ddirion to it~ field work. th~? INN convenes .mmul consulration.s, publishe.-; occasional p.1pcrs, and regularly tr.tcb soml: 20 extsting .lrml:d imra-n.trion,tlwntlicts. The INN works in dose colbbora~ tion with mhcr org.mi74ttions .md indi' iduals. I rom tt~ mception wirh a small number of collaborat­ ing member~. the INN h.t.\ gnm n w include over I ,000 affili,ttes in more than 75 countries. • .-- T A B 1 E 0 I· C0'\.1 El\ "1 1., ABOUT THE JNT ERNA I"IONAL N l CO l'IA'IION '\ 1:.: l"WORI\. (l"JN) ..... • GAINS AND I OSSI·S ........................... ................. INl 'RODUCflON ........ .................................................................................... TO Ti lE READFR ............................................................................................. HOW THE MAP Al-1-EC I'S OUR WOIU.D V li ~W ......................................... ARMED CONFLICTS ....................................................................................... ARMS. DEBT. AND PEOPI .E ........................................................................... NOTES FR0.\1 THE FI El D ............................................................................. Yugoslav1.1: The Role of L.t'\. \pcd.tl Envoy Cyrus R. \ tncc .................... Liberia Daylt> E. Spmct•r ........................................................................... Russia and the Republic.~ Willi11m L Ury .... .... ......................................... .. fhe Impact of War on Children lf(l){'f Pt~lml' .......................................... .. Diffu,ion ofContliu Rt.'Mlluuon "ktlls V?iUimnj Spmct'T' .......................... 1992 IN!\: CO~ S U l I AT! ON ~ummary Rcpons ....................................... Afghan iscan ............................................................................................ Angola ..................................................................................................... Burma ..................................................................................................... C.amboJia .............................................................................................. Cvprus .................................................................................................... Korean 1\:ninsula ..................................................................................... Liberia ..................................................................................................... 'ludan ...................................................................................................... RI:.SOU RCES ..................................................................................................... \X':ID and \X'ar-Relatc-d 0.:-a t h~. I 'iSO· l 990 Ruth l.t'f.''' ,\u·urd ................................ • For Further Reading ................................................. .......................................... .. Education and Training in Conflict R~lution .................................................... Imernat ional and Regional Org:anizauoru ............................................................. Peace RC'>Carch and Ac ti vi~r Org.miz.1tions ........................................................... ACKNOWI..EDGtv1E!\ITS ............................................................................... ... .....ABO _U T 'IHECARIF.R CF.NTF.R ..................................................................... &AIRS liD LDSSBS ¥ --- -- - - Gains- . & Losses. I•ROM 1991 - 1992 THI· WORI D MARK I•D A NU~tRER OF IGN IFICANT (,AINS AND LOS.sES ON I HE PAll! 'I OWARD PEACL. Ann Race fhc ~trategtc \rm Reduction Treacy (STAR I 1 the fim treat) l'er tan t~ulf. \Xar erupted on 16 January 1991 bet\\ ern Iraq and l .S.-Ied to reduce nu lear :urn I \\a stgned by the Unued tatrs and the tel amernauonal force m response to the August 1990 Iraq atni"3S on of K~rnaJt Un on on }I Jul 1991 Yugosla1 1a D~larauons of mdeprndence by lovema and Croaua on 2) hddle East: For the first urn m hmory, Israel and the Arab world begm june 1991 and subsequent fighung bcrneen Croaua and ethm Serbs the first m a srnrs of Mtddle ~..1St p<ace conferences on 20 0 tobcr 1991 tn parked \ talent CIVIl wars throughout )ugo la11a M dnd pam. Ham. \ \1olem maluary coup drme Prestdent kan Bertrand An ude from Cambodta. A p<aet accord'' •gned on ~3 0-tobcr 1991 m l'ans pmm on ~~~ eptembrr 19'J I. Prrstdent Anmdn1a Ha u fir 1 lurdmg om p<a ekeepmg power to the United Nauon Both the democrauuJh d~t ed prestdent. ( .unbodtan government and the three Cambodtan rebel fore sagned the 3ClOrd So~tet lnwn: \ wlence marred the bq;mnmg of the ne\\h 111depcndent republa s trammon to democra,1 El alvador: The 12 )tar Cl\ll war, whtch left 7),000 dead Glmc 10 an end as gmcrnment and rchd leader~ ~igned a U.N.-mcxltated peace accord on 16 SudJn: ( t\11 1\ar, hcgun m I (>84, cunt anued 111 \udan. 01er )00,000 Januar) 1991m 1'-:rn ){nk Sudanese haH nec:n ktllnl an t h~ lighting and 1\U-rdJt(d f.lllllllC since: 1'>84. G InTlDDUCTIDn 11 !>chair of chc International Negotiation Nerwork (INN) Council. I am ple-JSed ro introduce to the reader chis inaugural issue of the State of World Conflict Report. We at the INN have been concerned for several yc..-ars with t:he disturbingly large number of armed conflictS in t:he world and have focused our combined international efforts on scratL'giC!> ro help reduce or alleviate t:hem. Some of our previous initiative!> have included convening peace negotiations, monitoring national eJcccions, conduct­ ing private unofficial diplomatic initiatives. and spoclighting particular conflicts through press conference!>, editorial opinions. and other media. The State of World Ctmflict Report marks the first effort by the INN to produce a publication t:hat inform' a wide audience abouc the impact of armed conflicts and what governments and individuals can and should do ro stop them. A special emphasis ofour work during t:he pa!>t five years has bc..>en on v.hat we call chc mediation gap. Iris a gap chat extst<i bee1usc the nature of war has changed dramatically since the end of World War II. When the principal international peacemaking organi­ zations were formed after World War II. their mandates were, in large pan, to address wars berwecn nations. While ycs[l.:rday's war was frequencly a war berween nations, roday's war is typically a war within a nation, initiated by rebels who either wanr ro secede from cl1e union, asswne leadership. have a greater degree of autonomy. or have a greater role in the management of their country. The mediation gap exists today because organizations like the United Nations, the Organization ofAfri­ can Unity, the Organi1..arion ofAmerican Stat~, and ochers have rC!itrictions in t:heir charters chat limit or prohibit their involvement in intra-national conflicts. So the parties caught in civil \vars, or intra-national confli~.-rs. often find there is nowhere for them ro turn for mediation