ELON JOURNAL OF UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH IN COMMUNICATIONS Spring 2020 VOLUME 11, NO. 1 Joining the World of Journals Welcome to one of the nation’s only undergraduate research journals in mass communications. The website of the Council on Undergraduate Research lists more than 200 undergraduate research journals nationwide (http://www.cur.org/resources/students/undergraduate_journals/). Some of these journals focus on a discipline (e.g., Journal of Undergraduate Research in Physics), some are university-based and multidisciplinary (e.g., MIT Undergraduate Research Journal), and others are university-based and disciplinary (e.g., Harvard Political Review). The Elon Journal focuses on undergraduate research in journalism, media and communications. The School of Communications at Elon University is the creator and publisher of the online journal. The first issue was published in spring 2010 under the editorship of Dr. Byung Lee, associate professor in the School of Communications. Dr. Harlen Makemson, professor in the School of Communications, has overseen the publication since fall 2018. The three purposes of the journal are: • To publish the best undergraduate research in Elon’s School of Communications each term, • To serve as a repository for quality work to benefit future students seeking models for how to do undergraduate research well, and • To advance the university’s priority to emphasize undergraduate student research. The Elon Journal is published twice a year, with spring and fall issues. Articles in the journal may be downloaded, reproduced and redistributed without permission for non- commercial purposes as long as the author and source are properly cited. Student authors retain copyright ownership of their works. A Celebration of Student Research I am so proud that Elon University is home to the nation’s only undergraduate research journal in communications. This twice-a-year publication provides opportunities for our students to extend themselves beyond the classroom and investigate new areas of interest tied to their fields of study. Through research, our students further develop critical thinking skills, creativity, problem-solving abilities and intellectual independence. This journal reflects what we enjoy seeing most in our students – continued intellectual maturation. Complemented by video introductions featuring the student authors, these articles make us aware of the solitary hours that students spend in research, as well as the untold hours in which students and teacher- mentors work together to revise a paper for public consumption. These relationships and experiences often transform a student’s future career path, making these projects truly life-changing. This journal is a celebration of undergraduate research, as well as a celebration of learning, critical thinking and exploration. Dr. Rochelle Ford, APR Dean, School of Communications Editorial Board More than 30 faculty members in Elon’s School of Communications served as the Editorial Board that selected 11 undergraduate research papers for the spring 2020 issue. From more than 100 research papers written in advanced School of Communications classes, 20 papers were submitted to the journal by Elon communications students through the encouragement and mentoring of capstone teachers and other professors in the school. Professors who served as the Editorial Board were Bill Anderson, David Bockino, Vanessa Bravo, Lee Bush, Naeemah Clark, David Copeland, Vic Costello, Brooks Fuller, Kelly Furnas, Kenn Gaither, Jessica Gisclair, Don Grady, Ben Hannam, Sana Haq, Anthony Hatcher, Dan Haygood, Denise Hill, Jooyun Hwang, Jenny Jiang, Laura Lacy, Derek Lackaff, Byung Lee, Barbara Miller, William Moner, Phillip Motley, Tom Nelson, Jane O’Boyle, George Padgett, Paul Parsons, Glenn Scott, Kathleen Stansberry, Jessalyn Strauss, Amanda Sturgill, Hal Vincent, and Qian Xu. Thanks also go to Bryan Baker and Abby Igoe, who recorded the website’s student introductions; Associate Dean Kenn Gaither, who reviewed articles to help ensure the quality of the journal; and Tommy Kopetskie, who proofread articles, designed the online publication, and updated the publication’s website. Editor’s Note The role of journalism in covering urgent current topics, media portrayal of gender diversity, and strategic communication strategy are explored in an array of contexts by student researchers in this issue of the Elon Journal. Marjorie Anne Foster and Katie Hooker each use field interviews in their studies of how Muslims perceive they are portrayed by media since the election of President Donald Trump, and how Haitians feel about media coverage of their nation and culture. Perla Salazar-Rangel and Grace McMeekin each employ content analysis to explore how journalists interview children in immigration stories and how cable news networks frame the issue of climate change. Three scholars focus on gender in media. Christina Mastrocola compares how feminism emerges in two television sitcoms with female leads, Chloe Kennedy examines model diversity in prominent lingerie brands, and Richard Kasper explores whether males and females have different emotional reactions toward brands. Strategy in reaching audiences and communicating values are the focus of other scholars in this edition. Crosby Melendi analyzes how ecotourism bloggers gain trust, Nicole Seay explores the language in mission statements of prominent journalism and communications schools, and Susie Moore identifies the rhetorical strategies used by some of the most valuable brands in the U.S. In addition, Jeff Leu’s study of Roger Deakins demonstrates how the cinematographer captures both the audience’s imagination and the vision of each film’s director. Please enjoy the work of our emerging scholars. Harlen Makemson Professor Editor, Elon Journal Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research in Communications Volume 11, No. 1 • Spring 2020 Framing Muslims in the Era of the Trump Presidency: Examining the Perceived Impact Media has on College-Age Muslims in America Marjorie Anne Foster 6 From Angels to #Real Women: Comparing the Diversity of Models in Two Lingerie Brands Chloe Kennedy 15 Haitians’ Response to U.S. Media Coverage of Haiti Katie Hooker 25 Gender Differences in Emotional Advertising: How Types of Emotion Impact One’s Trust and Attitude Toward a Brand Richard Kasper 31 Ecotourism Blogging: Strategies that Develop Trust Online and Transform Travel Behaviors Crosby Melendi 37 An Analysis of Mission Statements of University Journalism and Communications Schools in the United States Nicole Seay 45 Breaking Down the Wall: An Analysis of How Journalists Interview Children Impacted by Immigration Policies Perla Salazar-Rangel 55 Rhetorical Strategies of Forbes’ 2019 Most Valuable Brands Susie Moore 64 Influencing Audience Perceptions: How Fox News, CNN & MSNBC Portray Climate Change in 2019 Grace McMeekin 74 Leading Female Characters: Breaking Gender Roles Through Broad City and Veep Christina Mastrocola 82 The Cinematography of Roger Deakins: How His Visual Storytelling Reflects His Philosophies Jeff Leu 93 6 — Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research in Communications, Vol. 11, No. 1 • Spring 2020 Framing Muslims in the Era of the Trump Presidency: Examining the Perceived Impact Media has on College-Age Muslims in America Marjorie Anne Foster Journalism Elon University Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements in an undergraduate senior capstone course in communications Abstract Drawing on qualitative research, this study analyzes the experiences of college-age Muslims in the U.S. and examines how they negotiate their religious identities in an era of negative media framing of Islam. The study reveals that Muslim college students labor under the multiple burdens of explaining and representing their religion, negotiating perceived disapproval and mischaracterizations of their faith and practices, and navigating their minority identities in the face of mass media’s portrayal of Islam as “dangerous,” “corrupt,” and “a threat to the U.S.” This paper presents an overview of the way Islam has been perceived in the United States in both eras before describing the current climate for Muslims. This project is used to present the impacts of media framing of Islam on Muslim college students’ evolving identities and experiences as minorities on campuses, the struggle to trust media, and, finally, the change they hope to see in the future. I. Introduction The terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, changed the way the United States government and the American people viewed Islam. This was the beginning of the “Us versus Them,” or the U.S. versus Islam narrative that pulsated throughout American media systems (Powell, 2011, p. 14). The concept of Muslims being the enemy has continued to be a source of tension for Muslims in U.S. media and in their perceptions of the media’s impact on their evolving sense of self. According to a recent report by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, there has been a significant increase in hate speech toward those identifying with Islam.This rate is higher than in the post-9/11 period (“Hate Crimes”). Although only 1.2% of Americans are Muslim, that means 3.6 million individuals face constant tension and pressure from the media to “live quietly and make sure they don’t do anything that could result in negative news” (Personal Interview 5/12/2019). There is significant research on media framing of Islam following 9/11, but less is known about its impact in the last four years. Additionally, with the