Making Mandingo: Racial Archetypes, Pornography, and Black Male Subjectivity By Phillip Samuels © 2019 M.A., University of Kansas, 2007 B.A., Emporia State University, 2004 Submitted to the graduate degree program in Communication Studies and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Chair: Dr. Dorothy Pennington Dr. Scott Harris Dr. Beth Innocenti Dr. Jeffery Jarman Dr. Randal Maurice Jelks _____________________________ Dr. Robert McDonald Date Defended: 6 December 2019 ii Acceptance Page Making Mandingo: Racial Archetypes, Pornography, and Black Male Subjectivity The dissertation committee for Phillip Samuels certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Chair: Dr. Dorthy Pennington Date Approved: iii Abstract Mandingo is a reference to a longstanding myth in American culture, that black men have an unquenchable desire for white woman. I will argue that Mandingo is an example of a racial archetype. Racial archetypes are specific images of a long-standing stereotypes. Mandingo is one such archetype. Mandingo conjures up an entire history of the rhetoric of miscegenation. For some it is the excitement of the big black cock (BBC) and crossing the color line, but for most blacks it invokes images of lynching, slavery, and police brutality brought on by the fear of black men while at the same time trafficking in a prurient landscape of American racial and sexual relations. Whether through words, pictures or movies, the Mandingo has become a dominant archetype in the pantheon of the African American experience. Charting the Mandingo emergence and articulation is critical project to discern how these rhetorical markers are part of a larger mythic narrative. With this in mind, I am interested in the ways in which competing racial and gendered myths and archetypes emerge and circulate within the semi-public rhetorical space of pornography. The image of the well-hung black man circulates through all forms of Western media; print, photograph, televisual, and digital. These images fill a particular void in the American racial narrative because it gives the public a framework to understand and decode black maleness with very real consequences. 1 Acknowledgments Acknowledgements are hard because you worry that you are going to leave out critical people. First, I want to thank my committee. Most of them have stuck with me for a decade through this process and I really appreciate their patience and guidance. Second, I want to acknowledge the most important women in my life. Samantha clearly my favorite human. Seriously, favorite human. To my moms: Ethel, Laura, and Marianne. You three women worked overtime to raise, feed, clothe, house, and love me and for that I will forever be thankful. To Tiara, you are truly one of my best friends and none of this would have been possible without you. I am not a natural born writer and criticism is hard. However, every draft you proofed with love and a careful attention to detail. The night I finished the writing you were the first person I texted. You have been a truly great friend. Third, to my fathers: Steve, Briant (Grady) and Jim. I have so much love for you three men it is often hard for me to express. I just want to thank you for everything you did for me to get me to this point. To my brothers: Matt, Sam, and Jake I could not ask for a better family. Finally, to my friends, Anjali, Mick, Herndon, Maker, Kayja, and Ben Warner you all were encouraging and made me believe that finishing was possible. I am sure there are people it was not on purpose. 2 Table of Contents Table of Contents Acknowledgments........................................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................ 2 Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... iii Chapter 1: An Introduction ............................................................................................................. 4 Purpose of the study .................................................................................................................... 6 Limitations: Mandingo Massacre ............................................................................................... 9 Literature Review: Mandingo and Interdisciplinary Studies ...................................................... 9 Mandingo and the black body. .............................................................................................. 10 Interdisciplinary literature review. ........................................................................................ 14 Method: Interpretation of images ............................................................................................. 22 Myths and ideology. .............................................................................................................. 23 Archetypes. ........................................................................................................................... 25 Outline of Study ........................................................................................................................ 33 Chapter 2: A Rhetorical History of the Mandingo Archetype ...................................................... 35 Mandingo in history. ............................................................................................................. 36 Mandingo in literature ........................................................................................................... 37 Mandingo in film .................................................................................................................. 42 Chapter 3: Reading the Mandingo: Image, Myth, and Archetype ................................................ 47 Laura Mulvey and Visual Pleasure Theory .............................................................................. 51 Psychoanalysis and criticism. ............................................................................................... 51 Ambivalence and fetish. ........................................................................................................ 53 3 Metonymic sliding ................................................................................................................ 55 Chapter 4: Mandingo, Pornography, and the Big Black Cock: The Negation of Black Male Subjectivity ................................................................................................................................... 57 Looking at the Artifact: Mandingo Massacre and Gonzo Pornography .................................. 59 Introducing Mandingo Massacre: what the DVD jacket “says.” .......................................... 61 The fragmented self and the myth of the Big Black Cock .................................................... 63 Interpreting the Archetypes in Mandingo Massacre ................................................................ 67 The MILF. ............................................................................................................................. 67 The blondes. .......................................................................................................................... 75 The teens. .............................................................................................................................. 81 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 88 Chapter 5 Conclusions and Implications ....................................... 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References ..................................................................................................................................... 92 4 Chapter 1: An Introduction I don’t think there’s any question that fear of interracial sex was the most consistent and common provocation that could create mob violence directed at African Americans. -Bryan Stevenson, 2018 This study began more than 10 years ago on a lazy summer afternoon by a lake. I was sitting with a friend and their father when two dogs, one black and one white, ran by, playing together. Out of nowhere the black dog began trying to copulate with the white dog and my friend’s father flatly remarked, “Looks like we got a Mandingo dog on our hands.” I was at a loss for words. It felt racist and I knew immediately why because it was a reference to a longstanding myth in the American psyche, that black men have an unquenchable desire for white woman. Since I had been in a few black male-white female interracial relationships one of which produced a daughter, this comment hit me hard. It got me to thinking where did this idea