Project Curiosities of Civil Aviation Scientifically Explained for Passengers - Insight and Entertaintment Author: Raschiq Moschtaq Supervisor: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dieter Scholz, MSME Submitted: 05.07.2018 Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science Department of Automotive and Aeronautical Engineering 2 © This work is protected by copyright The work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License: CC BY-NC-SA http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 Any further request may be directed to: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dieter Scholz, MSME E-Mail see: http://www.ProfScholz.de This work is part of: Digital Library - Projects & Theses - Prof. Dr. Scholz http://library.ProfScholz.de Published by Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Department of Automotive and Aeronautical Engineering Hamburg University of Applied Science 3 Abstract The aim of this project is to uncover some selected peculiarities and secrets of aviation and to explain them clearly to the reader. The points listed are limited solely to commercial passen- ger aviation, but cover various independent topics such as the cabin, the aircraft systems, the airline and many more. The depth of the elaboration of the respective topic depends signifi- cantly on the complexity of the same. Depending on the situation, visualizations in the form of figures, tables and graphics are used, and the simplest basic physical-technical knowledge is required. The explanation takes place in a scientific-theoretical and nevertheless entertain- ing manner. In total, 13 curiosities are analysed and subsequently assessed. The individual points which this thesis deals with were selected in such a way that in practice they arouse in- terest, but in part also incomprehension, and are usually not self-explanatory. The elaboration starts exactly at this point and breaks down the respective aspects. Starting with a basic inves- tigation of the lift force, a decision is made in the further proceeding whether to attach wing- lets. This is followed by various topics, including aircraft windows, the primary structure as a Farady cage, but also tpoics concerning the cabin as the cabin air and oxygenmasks. Later, emergency procedures such as engine failure and fuel dumping are analyzed. The insight into potential future materials in aviation industry is followed by an outlook on autonomous flying after showing how dangerous the current trend towards longer working hours for cockpit staff is. 4 DEPARTMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE AND AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING Curiosities of Civil Aviation Scientifically Explained for Passengers – Insight and Entertainment Task for a Project Background In advanced regions of the world, flying has become a matter of course, making aviation an ever-growing industry. Although aviation is an almost essential part of our lives, the general public still often lacks a fundamental understanding of the physical and operational character- istics of aviation. In reality, despite the high complexity of aviation, efforts are being made to ensure a pleasant and thus smooth flight for the paying passenger, which denies many people an insight behind the facade of aircraft and aviation-specific processes. Aviation is so close to us, yet so far away. Task The task is inspired by the article "The 31 biggest secrets of air travel" published in "The Telegraph" on 2017-09-09. The investigation should deal with the following aspects: Aerodynamic Lift Winglets Aircraft Windows Lightning Strikes Cabin Doors Cabin Air Mobile Devices Oxygen Masks Engine Failure Fuel Dumping Aircraft Structure and Materials Fatigue in the Cockpit Autonomous Flight The report has to be written in English based on German or international standards on re- port writing. 5 Content Seite Content….. ................................................................................................................................. 5 List of Figures ............................................................................................................................ 7 List of Tables .............................................................................................................................. 9 List of Symbols ........................................................................................................................ 10 List of Abreviations .................................................................................................................. 12 List of Terms ............................................................................................................................ 13 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 14 1.1 Motivation and Objectives .................................................................................... 14 1.2 Definition of Terms ............................................................................................... 15 1.3 Literature ............................................................................................................... 16 1.4 Structure of the Paper ............................................................................................ 16 2 Aerodynamics: Lift .............................................................................................. 18 2.1 Bernoulli cannot adequately explain the Lift ........................................................ 19 2.2 The Principle of Air Force ..................................................................................... 21 2.3 A Sufficiently Correct Approach .......................................................................... 22 3 Aerodynamics: Winglets ..................................................................................... 27 3.1 Aerodynamic Fundamentals .................................................................................. 27 3.2 Examination of the Wing with Winglet ................................................................ 29 3.3 Winglets vs. Wingspan Enlargement .................................................................... 36 4 Aircraft: Windows ............................................................................................... 39 4.1 The Shape .............................................................................................................. 39 4.2 The Hole in the Cabin Windows ........................................................................... 42 5 Aircraft: Faraday Cage ....................................................................................... 43 6 Aircraft: Doors .................................................................................................... 45 7 Aircraft: Flight Mode .......................................................................................... 48 8 Cabin: Oxygenmasks .......................................................................................... 49 8.1 Emergency: Pressure Drop .................................................................................... 49 8.2 The Functionality of Oxygenmasks ...................................................................... 50 9 Cabin: Air ............................................................................................................ 52 9.1 From Bleed Air to Breathing Air .......................................................................... 52 9.2 Engine Oil .............................................................................................................. 55 9.3 Countermeasures ................................................................................................... 55 6 10 Scenario: Engine Failure .................................................................................... 57 10.1 Extended-range Twin-engine Operational Performance Standards (ETOPS) ...... 57 10.2 Emergency in Cruising Flight ............................................................................... 58 10.3 Emergency at Departure ........................................................................................ 58 10.4 Two-sided Engine Failure ..................................................................................... 59 11 Scenario: Fuel Dumping ..................................................................................... 60 12 Aircraft Structure ................................................................................................ 63 12.1 Fiber-reinforced composites in aircraft construction ............................................ 64 12.2 Back to the Future: Aluminium ............................................................................. 68 13 Cockpit: Fatigue .................................................................................................. 72 13.1 Facts and Figures ................................................................................................... 72 13.2 Real Problems and Supposed Measures ................................................................ 76 14 Autonomous Flight .............................................................................................. 79 14.1 The Autopilot ........................................................................................................ 79 14.2 Definitions ............................................................................................................. 82 14.3 Regulations ...........................................................................................................