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Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. 35 mm slides or 6" X 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Accessing theiUM'I World’s Information since 1938 3 0 0 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA Order Number 8812240 Significant adolescent leadership development experiences identified by established leaders in the United States Cox, Kathryn June, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1988 Copyright ©1988 by Cooc, Kathryn June. All rights reserved. UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark V 1. Glossy photographs or pages. 2. Colored illustrations, paper or print______ 3. Photographs with dark background _____ 4. 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O t h e r _______________________________________________ ______________________ UMI SIGNIFICANT ADOLESCENT LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT EXPERIENCES IDENTIFIED BY ESTABLISHED LEADERS IN THE UNITED STATES DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University by Kathryn June Cox, B,S„ M.S. The Ohio State University 1988 Dissertation Committee: Approved by: Sharon Redick. Advisor Lena Bailey Aviser Virgil Blanke College of Home Economics Department of Home Economics Keith Smith Education Copyright by Kathryn June Cox 1988 VITA January 17, 1953 ........................ Born - Waveriy, Ohio 1974 ............................................. B.S., Home Economics Education, The Ohio Stale University 1975-76 ....................................... National 4B Advisor, Ministry of Agriculture, Botswana 1977-78 ....................................... Graduate Associate, OSU School of Home Economics 1978..............................................M.S., Home Economics Education, The Ohio State University 1978 - 79 .................................... Monroe County, Ohio Extension Agent, 4-H 1979-Present...............................Extension 4-H Specialist, Older Youth FIELD OF STUDY Major Field: Home Economics Education Studies in leadership and home economics administration 11 TABLE OF CONTENTS VITA.................................................................................................. iii LIST OF TABLES.......................................................... vi CHAPTER Page I. INTRODUCTION......................................................................... 1 Background for the Study 1 Problem Statement............................................ 4 Research Questions and Objectives....................................... 5 Assumptions........................................................................... 5 Definitions of Terms............................................................... 6 II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE....................................................... 7 Introduction................................................................... — 7 What Leadership Is................................................................. 7 Characteristics of Leaders...................................................... 20 Gender Differences In Leadership........................................ 25 Development of Leadership.................................................. 32 Summary ................................................................................ 51 III. METHODOLOGY....................................................................... 53 Research Design..................................................................... 53 Sample.................................................................................... 53 Instrumentation..................................................................... 59 Analysis Procedures ...................................... 66 111 IV. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION.................................................... 68 Backgrounds and Experiences of the Leaders........................ 68 Experiences Identified as Most Important for Leadership Development By Teenagers......................................................102 Relationships Between Backgrounds and Experiences of the Leaders and Their Recommendations............................ 118 V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, LIMITATIONS. AND RECOMMENDATIONS.......................................... 128 Summary ................................................................................... 128 Conclusions................................................................................132 Implications.............................................................................. 133 Limitations................................................................................ 134 Recommendations..................................................................... 135 REFERENCES...................................................................................... 138 APPENDICES A. Questionnaire, Return Post Card, & Interview............... 160 B. National Sample of Leaders.............................................. 173 C. Pilot Sample of Leaders.................................................... 230 D. Initial Cover Letter............................................................ 233 E. Follow-Up cover Letter...................................................... 235 F. Distribution of Sample and Respondents by State 237 G. Chi-Square Relationships Between Responses of Early and Late Respondents................................................240 H. Personal Leadership Strengths of Respondents................ 243 I. Personal Leadership Weaknesses Identified By Leaders.245 J. Personal Leadership Development Experiences................ 250 K. Experiences Recommended By Leaders As Important For Leadership Development By Teenagers.......................252 L. Leader Self-Descriptions on the Myers-Briggs and Bates-Kiersey Typeologies ...................................................254 IV LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 1. Distribution of Sample Population and Respondents By Leadership Categories..................................................... 56 2. Distribution of Sample Population and Respondents By Gender .............................................................................. 56 3. Marital Status of Respondents.............................................. 56 4. Ages of Respondents............................................................. 56 5 Respondents Educational Levels.......................................... 59 6. Personal Leadership Definition Categories Identified By Leaders .............................................................................. 70 7. Leaders Self-Descriptions pf Myers and Briggs Typologies. 72 6. Most Frequently Identified Personal Leadership Strengths. 76 9. Personal Leadership Weaknesses Identified By Leaders... 64 10. Personal Leadership Development Experiences In The Lives of Established Leaders.................................................. 65 11. Degree of Adolescent Family Influence .............................. 97 12. Childhood Family Structure................................................. 98 13 Childhood Residence.............................................................. 99 14. Percentage Distribution of US Population 1910-1950......... 99 V 15. Religious Preferences Indicated by Leaders .......................... 100 16. Experiences Most Frequently Identified By Established Leaders As Important for Leadership Development By Teenagers— ........................................................................ 104 17. Mean Results From Interview Nomitive Group Ranking Of Recommended Leadership Development Experiences.,.119 18. Relationships Of The Ten Most Frequently Recommended Teen Leadership Development Experiences To The Backgrounds